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war of the classes(竣雫況尸)-及14何蛍

弌傍�� war of the classes(竣雫況尸) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




simultaneously to three�察�four�察�or six machines or tools�察�while the British 

workman is compelled by his trade union to limit his attention to one�察�so 

that employment may be given to half a dozen men。; 

     But    for   scabbing�察    �no   blame     attaches    itself  anywhere。      With    rare 

exceptions�察  �all   the   people   in   the   world   are   scabs。   The   strong�察  �capable 

workman gets a job and holds it because of his strength and capacity。 And 

he holds it because out of his strength and capacity he gives a better value 

for his wage than does the weaker and less capable workman。 Therefore he 

is   scabbing   upon   his   weaker   and   less   capable   brother   workman。   He   is 

giving more value for the price paid by the employer。 

     The superior workman scabs upon the inferior workman because he is 

so    constituted    and    cannot    help   it。  The   one�察  �by   fortune   of   birth  and 

upbringing�察     �is  strong   and    capable�察   �the  other�察  �by   fortune   of   birth  and 

upbringing�察�is not so strong nor capable。 It is for the same reason that one 

country scabs upon another。 That country which has the good fortune to 

possess     great    natural    resources�察   �a   finer   sun   and    soil�察 �unhampering 

institutions�察  �and   a   deft   and   intelligent   labor   class   and   capitalist   class   is 

bound   to   scab   upon   a   country   less   fortunately   situated。   It   is   the   good 

fortune of the United States that is making her the colossal scab�察�just as it 

is the good fortune of one man to be born with a straight back while his 

brother is born with a hump。 

     It is not good to give most for least�察�not good to be a scab。 The word 

has gained universal opprobrium。 On the other hand�察�to be a non´scab�察�to 

give     least   for  most�察   �is   universally     branded     as   stingy�察  �selfish�察  �and 

unchristian´like。 So all the world�察�like the British workman�察�is 'twixt the 



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devil     and   the   deep    sea。   It  is  treason     to  one's    fellows     to  scab�察   �it  is 

unchristian´like not to scab。 

     Since to give least for most�察�and to give most for least�察�are universally 

bad�察�what remains�拭�Equity remains�察�which is to give like for like�察�the same 

for the same�察�neither more nor less。 But this equity�察�society�察�as at present 

constituted�察�cannot give。 It is not in the nature of present´day society for 

men   to   give   like   for   like�察  �the   same   for   the   same。  And   so   long   as   men 

continue to live in this competitive society�察�struggling tooth and nail with 

one another for food and shelter�察。�which is to struggle tooth and nail with 

one another for life���察�that long will the scab continue to exist。 His will ;to 

live; will force him to exist。 He may be flouted and jeered by his brothers�察�

he   may   be   beaten   with   bricks   and   clubs   by   the   men   who   by   superior 

strength   and   capacity   scab   upon   him   as   he   scabs   upon   them   by   longer 

hours   and   smaller   wages�察  �but   through   it   all   he   will   persist�察  �giving   a   bit 

more of most for least than they are giving。 



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               THE QUESTION OF THE 

                              MAXIMUM 



     For any social movement or   development there must be a   maximum 

limit   beyond   which   it   cannot   proceed。   That   civilization   which   does   not 

advance   must   decline�察  �and   so�察  �when   the   maximum   of   development   has 

been   reached   in   any   given   direction�察  �society   must   either   retrograde   or 

change the direction of its advance。 There are many families of men that 

have failed�察�in the critical period of their economic evolution�察�to effect a 

change     in  direction�察  �and   were    forced   to  fall  back。   Vanquished     at  the 

moment   of   their   maximum�察  �they   have   dropped   out   of   the   whirl   of   the 

world。 There was no room for them。 Stronger competitors have taken their 

places�察�and they have either rotted into oblivion or remain to be crushed 

under the iron heel of the dominant races in as remorseless a struggle as 

the    world    has   yet  witnessed。     But   in  this   struggle   fair   women     and 

chivalrous men will play no part。 Types and ideals have changed。 Helens 

and Launcelots are anachronisms。 Blows will be given and taken�察�and men 

fight and die�察�but not for faiths and altars。 Shrines will be desecrated�察�but 

they will be the shrines�察�not of temples�察�but market´places。 Prophets will 

arise�察�but they will be the prophets of prices and products。 Battles will be 

waged�察  �not   for   honor   and   glory�察  �nor   for   thrones   and   sceptres�察  �but   for 

dollars and cents and for marts and exchanges。 Brain and not brawn will 

endure�察  �and   the   captains   of   war   will   be   commanded   by   the   captains   of 

industry。   In   short�察 �it  will  be  a  contest   for  the   mastery   of   the  world's 

commerce and for industrial supremacy。 

     It is more significant�察�this struggle into which we have plunged�察�for the 

fact that it is the first struggle to involve the globe。 No general movement 

of man has been so wide´spreading�察�so far´reaching。 Quite local was the 

supremacy       of   any    ancient    people�察   �likewise    the   rise  to   empire    of 

Macedonia and Rome�察�the waves of Arabian valor and fanaticism�察�and the 

mediaeval crusades to the Holy Sepulchre。 But since those times the planet 

has undergone a unique shrinkage。 



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     The world of Homer�察�limited by the coast´lines of the Mediterranean 

and Black seas�察�was a far vaster world than ours of today�察�which we weigh�察�

measure�察  �and   compute   as   accurately  and   as   easily  as   if   it   were   a   child's 

play´ball。   Steam   has   made   its   parts   accessible   and   drawn   them   closer 

together。 The   telegraph   annihilates   space and   time。   Each   morning�察  �every 

part knows what every other part is thinking�察�contemplating�察�or doing。 A 

discovery in a German laboratory is being demonstrated in San Francisco 

within twenty´four hours。 A book written in South Africa is published by 

simultaneous copyright in every English´speaking country�察�and on the day 

following   is   in   the    hands   of   the   translators。   The   death   of    an  obscure 

missionary in China�察�or of a whiskey´smuggler in the South Seas�察�is served�察�

the world over�察�with the morning toast。 The wheat output of Argentine or 

the gold of Klondike are known wherever men meet and trade。 Shrinkage�察�

or    centralization�察    �has    become      such    that   the   humblest      clerk   in   any 

metropolis may place his hand on the pulse of the world。 The planet has 

indeed   grown   very   small�察  �and   because   of   this�察  �no   vital   movement   can 

remain in the clime or country where it takes its rise。 

     And so today the economic and industrial impulse is world´wide。 It is 

a matter of import to every people。 None may be careless of it。 To do so is 

to perish。 It is become a battle�察�the fruits of which are to the strong�察�and to 

none   but   the   strongest   of   the   strong。   As   the   movement   approaches   its 

maximum�察  �centralization   accelerates   and   competition   grows   keener   and 

closer。     The    competitor      nations    cannot     all  succeed。     So    long    as  the 

movement continues its present direction�察�not only will there not be room 

for   all�察  �but   the   room   that   is   will   become   less   and   less�察  �and   when   the 

moment       of   the   maximum       is  at   hand�察  �there    will   be  no   room     at  all。 

Capitalistic      production     will   have    overreached      itself�察 �and    a  change     of 

direction will then be inevitable。 

     Divers      queries     arise�此   �What      is   the    maximum         of   commercial 

development   the   world   can   sustain�拭  �How   far   can   it   be   exploited�拭  �How 

much capital is necessary�拭�Can sufficient capital be accumulated�拭�A brief 

resume of the industrial history of the last one hundred years or so will be 

relevant     at  this  stage    of  the  discussion。     Capitalistic     production�察    �in  its 

modern significance�察�was born of the industrial revolution in England in 



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the latter half of the eighteenth century。 The great inventions of that period 

were   both   its   father   and   its   mother�察  �while�察  �as   Mr。   Brooks   Adams   has 

shown�察�the looted treasure of India was the potent midwife。 Had there not 

been   an   unwonted   increase   of   capital�察 �the   impetus   would   not   have   been 

given      to   invention�察    �while    even     steam    might     have     languished      for 

generations   instead   of   at   once   becoming�察  �as   it   did�察  �the   most   prominent 

factor in the new method of production。 The improved application of these 

inventions in the first decades of the nineteenth century mark the transition 

from the domestic to the factory system of manufacture and inaugurated 

the era  of  capitalism。 The   magnitude  of this   revolution   is   manifested   by 

the fact that England alone had invented the means and equipped herself 

with the machinery whereby she could overstock the world's markets。 The 

home      market     could    not   consume       a  tithe   of   the   home     product。    To 

manufacture   this   home   produ

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