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war of the classes(竣雫況尸)-及15何蛍

弌傍�� war of the classes(竣雫況尸) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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home      market     could    not   consume       a  tithe   of   the   home     product。    To 

manufacture   this   home   product   she   had   sacrificed   her   agriculture。   She 

must   buy   her   food   from   abroad�察  �and   to   do   so   she   must   sell   her   goods 

abroad。 

     But the struggle for commercial supremacy had not yet really begun。 

England was without a rival。 Her navies controlled the sea。 Her armies and 

her insular position gave her peace at home。 The world was hers to exploit。 

For nearly fifty years she dominated the European�察�American�察�and Indian 

trade�察   �while    the   great   wars    then   convulsing      society    were    destroying 

possible competitive capital and straining consumption to its utmost。 The 

pioneer of the industrial nations�察�she thus received such a start in the new 

race for wealth that it is only today the   other nations have succeeded   in 

overtaking her。 In 1820 the volume of her trade ��imports and exports�� was 

68��000��000 pounds。 In 1899 it had increased to 815��000��000 pounds�察� ´an 

increase of 1200 per cent in the volume of trade。 

     For   nearly   one   hundred   years   England   has   been   producing   surplus 

value。   She   has   been   producing   far   more   than   she   consumes�察  �and   this 

excess     has   swelled     the  volume      of  her   capital。   This    capital   has   been 

invested   in   her   enterprises   at   home   and   abroad�察  �and   in   her   shipping。   In 

1898     the   Stock    Exchange      estimated     British   capital   invested    abroad     at 

1��900��000��000   pounds。   But   hand   in   hand   with   her   foreign   investments 

have grown her adverse balances of trade。 For the ten years ending with 



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1868�察�her average yearly adverse balance was 52��000��000 pounds�察�ending 

with   1878�察  �81��000��000   pounds�察  �ending   with   1888�察  �101��000��000   pounds�察�

and ending with 1898�察�133��000��000 pounds。 In the single year of 1897 it 

reached the portentous sum of 157��000��000 pounds。 

     But England's adverse balances of trade in themselves are nothing at 

which to be frightened。 Hitherto they have been paid from out the earnings 

of her shipping and the interest on her foreign investments。 But what does 

cause anxiety�察�however�察�is that�察�relative to the trade development of other 

countries�察     �her   export    trade   is   falling   off�察  �without    a   corresponding 

diminution of her imports�察�and that her securities and foreign holdings do 

not seem able to stand the added strain。 These she is being forced to sell in 

order   to   pull   even。   As   the   London   Times   gloomily   remarks�察   �We   are 

entering the twentieth century on the down grade�察�after a prolonged period 

of business activity�察�high wages�察�high profits�察�and overflowing revenue。; 

In   other   words�察  �the   mighty   grasp   England   held   over   the   resources   and 

capital   of   the   world   is   being   relaxed。   The   control   of   its   commerce   and 

banking is slipping through her fingers。 The sale of her foreign holdings 

advertises   the   fact   that   other   nations   are   capable   of   buying   them�察  �and�察�

further�察�that these other nations are busily producing surplus value。 

     The   movement   has   become   general。   Today�察  �passing   from   country   to 

country�察  �an   ever´increasing   tide   of   capital   is   welling   up。   Production   is 

doubling and quadrupling upon itself。 It used to be that the impoverished 

or undeveloped nations turned to England when it came to borrowing�察�but 

now Germany is competing keenly with her in this matter。 France is not 

averse to lending great   sums to   Russia�察�and Austria´Hungary has   capital 

and to spare for foreign holdings。 

     Nor has the United States failed to pass from the side of the debtor to 

that   of   the   creditor   nations。   She�察  �too�察  �has   become   wise   in   the   way   of 

producing surplus value。 She has been successful in her efforts to secure 

economic       emancipation。       Possessing      but   5   per   cent    of   the   world's 

population and producing 32 per cent of the world's food supply�察�she has 

been     looked     upon    as   the   world's    farmer�察   �but   now�察   �amidst    general 

consternation�察�she comes forward as the world's manufacturer。 In 1888 her 

manufactured         exports      amounted       to    130��300��087�察       �in    1896�察    �to 



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253��681��541�察  �in   1897�察  �to   279��652��721�察  �in   1898�察  �to   307��924��994�察  �in 

1899�察    �to  338��667��794�察     �and   in   1900�察  �to  432��000��000。       Regarding     her 

growing favorable balances of trade�察�it may be noted that not only are her 

imports not increasing�察�but they are actually falling off�察�while her exports 

in the last decade have increased 72。4 per cent。 In ten years her imports 

from     Europe    have    been   reduced     from   474��000��000       to  439��000��000�察�

while in the same time her exports have increased from 682��000��000 to 

1��111��000��000。        Her    balance     of   trade    in  her    favor    in  1895     was 

75��000��000�察�in 1896�察�over 100��000��000�察�in 1897�察�nearly 300��000��000�察�

in     1898�察    �615��000��000�察      �in    1899�察    �530��000��000�察       �and    in    1900�察�

648��000��000。 

     In   the   matter   of  iron�察  �the  United    States�察  �which    in   1840    had   not 

dreamed   of   entering   the   field   of   international   competition�察  �in   1897�察  �as 

much to her own surprise as any one else's�察�undersold the English in their 

own London market。 In 1899 there was but one American locomotive in 

Great   Britain�察  �but�察  �of   the   five   hundred   locomotives   sold   abroad   by   the 

United     States   in  1902�察   �England    bought     more    than   any   other   country。 

Russia   is   operating   a   thousand   of   them   on   her   own   roads   today。   In   one 

instance the American manufacturers contracted to deliver a locomotive in 

four and one´half months for 9250�察�the English manufacturers requiring 

twenty´four      months     for   delivery    at  14��000。     The   Clyde     shipbuilders 

recently placed orders for 150��000 tons of plates at a saving of 250��000�察�

and the American steel going into the making of the new London subway 

is taken as a matter of course。 American tools stand above competition the 

world over。 Ready´made boots and shoes are beginning to flood Europe�察�

the same with machinery�察�bicycles�察�agricultural implements�察�and all kinds 

of manufactured goods。 A correspondent from Hamburg�察�speaking of the 

invasion of American   trade�察 �says�此   �Incidentally�察�it   may  be   remarked   that 

the typewriting machine with which this article is written�察�as well as the 

thousandsnay�察       �hundreds      of   thousandsof      others    that   are    in   use 

throughout      the   world�察   �were    made    in   America�察    �that   it  stands   on   an 

American   table�察  �in   an   office   furnished   with American   desks�察  �bookcases�察�

and chairs�察�which cannot be made in Europe of equal quality�察�so practical 

and convenient�察�for a similar price。; 



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     In 1893 and 1894�察�because of the distrust of foreign capital�察�the United 

States   was   forced   to   buy   back   American   securities   held   abroad�察  �but   in 

 1897   and   1898   she   bought   back   American   securities   held   abroad�察  �not 

because she had to�察�but because she chose to。 And not only has she bought 

back her own securities�察�but in the last eight years she has become a buyer 

of the securities of other countries。 In the money markets of London�察�Paris�察�

and Berlin she is a lender of money。 Carrying the largest stock of gold in 

the world�察�the world�察�in moments of danger�察�when crises of international 

finance loom large�察�looks to her vast lending ability for safety。 

     Thus�察�in a few swift years�察�has the United States drawn up to the van 

where      the  great    industrial   nations    are   fighting   for   commercial      and 

financial empire。 The figures of the race�察�in which she passed England�察�are 

interesting�此�

     Year     United      States    Exports     United      Kingdom       Exports       1875 

497��263��737        1��087��497��000       1885     673��593��506      1��037��124��000        1895 

807��742��415        1��100��452��000        1896    986��830��080       1��168��671��000         1897 

 1��079��834��296       1��139��882��000      1898    1��233��564��828       1��135��642��000      1899 

 1��253��466��000 1��287��971��000 1900 1��453��013��659 1��418��348��000 

     As   Mr。   Henry   Demarest   Lloyd   has   noted�察   �When   the   news   reached 

Germany of the new steel trust in America�察�the stocks of the iron and steel 

mills listed on the Berlin Bourse fell。; While Europe has been talking and 

dreaming of the greatness which was�察�the United States has been thinking 

and planning and doing for the greatness to be。 Her captains of industry 

and     kings    of   finance    have    toiled   and    sweated     at  organizing     and 

consolidating production and transportation。 But this has been merely the 

developmental   stage�察  �the   tuning´up   of   the   orchestra。   With   the   twentieth 

century rises the curtain on the play��a play which shall have much in it of 

comedy and a vast deal of tragedy�察�and which has been well named The 

Capitalistic   Conquest   of   Europe   by America。   Nations   do   not   die   easily�察�

and one of the first moves of Europe will be the erection of tariff walls。 

America�察�however�察�will fittingly reply�察�for alrea

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