伊浪窮徨慕 > 将砿凪麿窮徨慕 > war of the classes(竣雫況尸) >

及16何蛍

war of the classes(竣雫況尸)-及16何蛍

弌傍�� war of the classes(竣雫況尸) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




America�察�however�察�will fittingly reply�察�for already her manufacturers are 

establishing works in France and Germany。 And when the German trade 

journals    refused    to  accept    American     advertisements�察     �they   found    their 

country flamingly bill´boarded in buccaneer American fashion。 



                                             55 


´ Page 56´

                                       War of the Classes 



     M。 Leroy´Beaulieu�察�the French economist�察�is passionately preaching a 

commercial        combination       of   the   whole     Continent     against    the   United 

States��a commercial alliance which�察�he boldly declares�察�should become a 

political alliance。 And in this he is not alone�察�finding ready sympathy and 

ardent   support   in Austria�察  �Italy�察  �and   Germany。   Lord   Rosebery   said�察  �in   a 

recent   speech   before   the   Wolverhampton   Chamber   of   Commerce�此   �The 

Americans�察       �with    their   vast   and    almost    incalculable      resources�察    �their 

acuteness and enterprise�察�and their huge population�察�which will probably 

be 100��000��000 in twenty years�察�together with the plan they have adopted 

for putting accumulated wealth into great cooperative syndicates or trusts 

for the purpose of carrying on this great commercial warfare�察�are the most 

formidable 。 。 。 rivals to be feared。; 

     The London Times says�此 �It is useless to disguise the fact that Great 

Britain   is   being   outdistanced。   The   competition   does   not   come   from   the 

glut   caused   by   miscalculation   as   to   the   home   demand。   Our   own   steel´ 

makers      know     better   and    are  alarmed。     The    threatened     competition      in 

markets   hitherto   our   own   comes   from   efficiency   in   production   such   as 

never     before    has  been    seen。;   Even     the  British    naval   supremacy       is  in 

danger�察    �continues      the   same    paper�察    �for�察  �if  we   lose    our   engineering 

supremacy�察�our naval supremacy will follow�察�unless held on sufferance by 

our successful rivals。; 

     And   the   Edinburgh   Evening   News   says�察  �with   editorial   gloom�此   �The 

iron   and   steel   trades   have   gone   from   us。   When   the   fictitious   prosperity 

caused by the expenditure of our own Government and that of European 

nations on armaments ceases�察�half of the men employed in these industries 

will   be   turned   into   the   streets。   The   outlook   is   appalling。  What   suffering 

will have to be endured before the workers realize that there is nothing left 

for them but emigration� ─�

       That there must be a limit to the accumulation of capital is obvious。 

The   downward   course   of   the   rate   of   interest�察 �notwithstanding   that   many 

new   employments   have   been   made   possible   for   capital�察  �indicates   how 

large is the increase of surplus value。 This decline of the interest rate is in 

accord with Bohm´Bawerk's law of ;diminishing returns。; That is�察�when 

capital�察  �like   anything   else�察  �has   become   over´plentiful�察  �less   lucrative   use 



                                               56 


´ Page 57´

                                       War of the Classes 



can only be found for the excess。 This excess�察�not being able to earn so 

much   as   when   capital   was   less   plentiful�察  �competes   for   safe   investments 

and forces down the interest rate on all capital。 Mr。 Charles A。 Conant has 

well described the keenness of the scramble for safe investments�察�even at 

the prevailing low rates of interest。 At the close of the war with Turkey�察�the 

Greek loan�察�guaranteed by Great Britain�察�France�察�and Russia�察�was floated 

with striking   ease。 Regardless   of the small   return�察 �the amount   offered   at 

Paris�察  。�41��000��000   francs���察  �was   subscribed   for   twenty´three   times   over。 

Great Britain�察�France�察�Germany�察�Holland�察�and the Scandinavian States�察�of 

recent   years�察  �have   all   engaged   in   converting   their   securities   from   5   per 

cents to 4 per cents�察�from 4。5 per cents to 3。5 per cents�察�and the 3。5 per 

cents into 3 per cents。 

     Great Britain�察�France�察�Germany�察�and Austria´Hungary�察�according to the 

calculation   taken   in   1895   by   the   International   Statistical   Institute�察  �hold 

forty´six   billions   of   capital   invested   in   negotiable   securities   alone。   Yet 

Paris subscribed for her portion of the Greek loan twenty´three times over� �

In   short�察  �money   is   cheap。   Andrew   Carnegie   and   his   brother   bourgeois 

kings give away millions annually�察�but still the tide wells up。 These vast 

accumulations           have       made       possible       ;wild´catting�察─       �fraudulent 

combinations�察       �fake    enterprises�察    �Hooleyism�察      �but   such    stealings�察   �great 

though they be�察�have little or no effect in reducing the volume。 The time is 

past when startling inventions�察�or revolutions in the method of production�察�

can break up   the growing   congestion�察�yet   this saved   capital demands   an 

outlet�察�somewhere�察�somehow。 

     When a great nation has equipped itself to produce far more than it can�察�

under the present division of the product�察�consume�察�it seeks other markets 

for    its  surplus    products。    When      a  second     nation    finds   itself  similarly 

circumstanced�察�competition for these other markets naturally follows。 With 

the   advent   of   a   third�察  �a   fourth�察  �a   fifth�察  �and   of   divers   other   nations�察  �the 

question of the disposal of surplus products grows serious。 And with each 

of these nations possessing�察�over and beyond its active capital�察�great and 

growing   masses   of   idle   capital�察  �and   when   the   very   foreign   markets   for 

which   they   are   competing   are   beginning   to   produce   similar   wares   for 

themselves�察�the question passes the serious stage and becomes critical。 



                                               57 


´ Page 58´

                                        War of the Classes 



     Never   has   the   struggle   for   foreign   markets   been   sharper   than   at   the 

present。     They     are   the   one    great   outlet   for   congested      accumulations。 

Predatory capital wanders the world over�察�seeking where it may establish 

itself。 This urgent need for foreign markets is forcing upon the world´stage 

an era of great colonial empire。 But this does not stand�察�as in the past�察�for 

the   subjugation   of   peoples   and   countries   for   the   sake   of   gaining   their 

products�察�but for the privilege of selling them products。 The theory once 

was�察  �that    the   colony   owed      its  existence    and    prosperity   to    the   mother 

country�察  �but   today   it   is   the   mother   country   that   owes   its   existence   and 

prosperity to the colony。 And in the future�察�when that supporting colony 

becomes wise in the way of producing surplus value and sends its goods 

back to sell to the mother country�察�what then�拭�Then the world will have 

been exploited�察�and capitalistic production will have attained its maximum 

development。 

     Foreign markets and undeveloped countries largely retard that moment。 

The   favored portions   of the earth's   surface   are   already  occupied�察  �though 

the resources of many are yet virgin。 That they have not long since been 

wrested      from    the   hands    of   the   barbarous     and    decadent     peoples     who 

possess them is due�察�not to the military prowess of such peoples�察�but to the 

jealous   vigilance   of   the   industrial   nations。 The   powers   hold   one   another 

back。   The   Turk   lives   because   the   way   is   not   yet   clear   to   an   amicable 

division of him among the powers。 And the United States�察�supreme though 

she    is�察 �opposes     the   partition    of  China�察   �and    intervenes     her   huge    bulk 

between   the   hungry   nations   and   the   mongrel   Spanish   republics。   Capital 

stands   in   its   own   way�察  �welling   up   and   welling   up   against   the   inevitable 

moment when it shall burst all bonds and sweep resistlessly across such 

vast stretches as China and South America。 And then there will be no more 

worlds   to   exploit�察  �and   capitalism   will   either   fall   back�察  �crushed   under   its 

own   weight�察 �or   a   change of   direction   will   take   place   which   will   mark   a 

new era in history。 

     The   Far   East   affords   an   illuminating   spectacle。   While   the   Western 

nations      are   crowding       hungrily     in�察 �while     the   Partition    of   China     is 

commingled   with   the   clamor   for   the   Spheres   of   Influence   and   the   Open 

Door�察  �other   forces   are   none   the   less   potently   at   work。   Not   only   are   the 



                                                58 


´ Page 59´

                                       War of the Classes 



young Western   peoples pressing   the   older   ones   to   the   wall�察 �but the   East 

itself   is   beginning   to   awake。   American   trade   is   advancing�察  �and   British 

trade is losing ground�察�while Japan�察�China�察�and India are taking a hand in 

the game themselves。 

     In 1893�察�100��000 pieces of American drills were imported into China�察�

in   1897�察  �349��000。   In   1893�察  �252��000   pieces   of  American   sheetings   were 

imported against 71��000 British�察�but in 1897�察�566��000 pieces of American 

sheetings were imported against only 10��000 British。 The cotton goods and 

yarn trade ��which forms 40 per cent of the whole trade with China�� shows 

a remarkable advance on the part of the United States。 During the last ten 

years America   has   increased   her   importation   of   plain   goods   by   121   per 

cent in quantity and 59。5 per cent in value�察�while that of England an

卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��

低辛嬬浪散議