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及17何蛍

war of the classes(竣雫況尸)-及17何蛍

弌傍�� war of the classes(竣雫況尸) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




years America   has   increased   her   importation   of   plain   goods   by   121   per 

cent in quantity and 59。5 per cent in value�察�while that of England and India 

combined has decreased 13。75 per cent in quantity and 8 per cent in value。 

Lord   Charles   Beresford�察  �from   whose   ;Break´up   of   China;   these   figures 

are taken�察�states that English yarn has receded and Indian yarn advanced to 

the front。 In 1897�察�140��000 piculs of Indian yarn were imported�察�18��000 of 

Japanese�察�4500 of Shanghai´manufactured�察�and 700 of English。 

     Japan�察  �who   but   yesterday   emerged   from   the   mediaeval   rule   of   the 

Shogunate   and   seized   in   one   fell   swoop   the   scientific   knowledge   and 

culture   of   the   Occident�察  �is   already  today   showing   what   wisdom  she   has 

acquired in the production of surplus value�察�and is preparing herself that 

she may tomorrow play the part to Asia that England did to Europe one 

hundred years ago。 That the difference in the world's affairs wrought   by 

those one hundred years will prevent her succeeding is manifest�察�but it is 

equally manifest that they cannot prevent her playing a leading part in the 

industrial drama which has commenced on the Eastern stage。 Her imports 

into the port of Newchang in 1891 amounted to but 22��000 taels�察�but in 

1897   they   had   increased   to   280��000   taels。   In   manufactured   goods�察  �from 

matches�察  �watches�察  �and   clocks   to   the   rolling   stock   of   railways�察  �she   has 

already given stiff shocks to her competitors in the Asiatic markets�察�and 

this   while    she   is  virtually    yet  in  the   equipment      stage    of  production。 

Erelong she�察�too�察�will be furnishing her share to the growing mass of the 

world's capital。 

     As     regards     Great    Britain�察    �the   giant    trader    who     has    so   long 



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overshadowed         Asiatic    commerce�察      �Lord     Charles    Beresford      says�此   �But 

competition   is   telling   adversely�察  �the   energy   of   the   British   merchant   is 

being equalled by other nationals。 。 。 The competition of the Chinese and 

the introduction of steam into the country are also combining to produce 

changed conditions in China。; But far more ominous is the plaintive note 

he sounds when he says�此 �New industries must be opened up�察�and I would 

especially   direct   the   attention   of   the   Chambers   of   Commerce   ��British�� 

to   。  。  。  the  fact  that   the   more    the   native   competes      with   the   British 

manufacturer in certain classes of trade�察�the more machinery he will need�察�

and     the  orders    for  such    machinery      will   come     to  this  country     if  our 

machinery manufacturers are enterprising enough。; 

     The   Orient     is  beginning      to  show   what     an  important     factor    it  will 

become�察�under Western supervision�察�in the creation of surplus value。 Even 

before   the   barriers   which   restrain   Western   capital   are   removed�察  �the   East 

will    be   in  a  fair   way    toward     being    exploited。    An    analysis    of   Lord 

Beresford's   message   to   the   Chambers   of   Commerce   discloses�察  �first�察  �that 

the East is beginning to manufacture for itself�察�and�察�second�察�that there is a 

promise  of   keen   competition   in   the West   for  the   privilege   of   selling   the 

required machinery。 The inexorable query arises�此�WHAT IS THE WEST 

TO DO WHEN IT HAS FURNISHED THIS MACHINERY�拭�And when 

not only the East�察�but all the now undeveloped countries�察�confront�察 �with 

surplus     products     in  their  hands�察   �the   old   industrial   nations�察   �capitalistic 

production will have attained its maximum development。 

     But before that time must intervene a period which bids one pause for 

breath。   A   new     romance�察  �like   unto     none   in   all  the   past�察  �the  economic 

romance�察  �will   be   born。   For   the   dazzling   prize   of   world´   empire   will   the 

nations of the earth go up in harness。 Powers will rise and fall�察�and mighty 

coalitions shape and dissolve in the swift whirl of events。 Vassal nations 

and subject territories will be bandied back and forth like so many articles 

of trade。 And with the inevitable displacement of economic centres�察�it is 

fair to presume that populations will shift to and fro�察�as they once did from 

the South to the North of England on the rise of the factory towns�察�or from 

the   Old   World   to   the   New。   Colossal   enterprises   will   be   projected   and 

carried through�察 �and   combinations of   capital  and   federations   of labor   be 



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effected   on     a   cyclopean   scale。   Concentration   and   organization          will   be 

perfected   in   ways   hitherto undreamed。 The   nation   which   would keep   its 

head     above     the   tide  must     accurately     adjust   supply     to  demand�察     �and 

eliminate   waste   to   the   last   least   particle。   Standards   of   living   will   most 

likely   descend   for   millions   of   people。   With   the   increase   of   capital�察  �the 

competition   for   safe   investments�察  �and   the   consequent   fall   of   the   interest 

rate�察�the principal which today earns a comfortable income would not then 

support a bare existence。 Saving toward old age would cease among the 

working   classes。 And   as   the   merchant   cities of   Italy  crashed   when   trade 

slipped from their hands on the discovery of the new route to the Indies by 

way of the Cape of Good Hope�察�so will there come times of trembling for 

such   nations   as   have   failed   to   grasp   the   prize   of   world´empire。   In   that 

given     direction    they   will   have    attained    their   maximum        development�察�

before the whole world�察�in the same direction�察�has attained its。 There will 

no longer be room  for them。   But   if they  can survive   the shock of   being 

flung out of the world's industrial orbit�察�a change in direction may then be 

easily effected。 That the decadent and barbarous peoples will be crushed is 

a fair presumption�察�likewise that the stronger breeds will survive�察�entering 

upon the transition stage to which all the world must ultimately come。 

     This change of direction must be either toward industrial oligarchies or 

socialism。   Either   the   functions   of   private   corporations   will   increase   till 

they absorb the central government�察�or the functions of government will 

increase till it absorbs the corporations。 Much may be said on the chance 

of the oligarchy。 Should an old manufacturing nation lose its foreign trade�察�

it is safe to predict that a strong effort would be made to build a socialistic 

government�察  �but   it   does   not   follow   that   this   effort   would   be   successful。 

With the moneyed class controlling the State and its revenues and all the 

means of subsistence�察�and guarding its own interests with jealous care�察�it is 

not at all impossible that a strong curb could be put upon the masses till 

the crisis   were   past。   It   has   been   done before。 There   is   no   reason   why  it 

should      not  be   done    again。    At   the   close   of   the  last   century�察   �such    a 

movement   was   crushed   by   its   own   folly   and   immaturity。   In   1871   the 

soldiers   of   the   economic   rulers   stamped   out�察  �root   and   branch�察  �a   whole 

generation of militant socialists。 



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     Once   the   crisis   were   past�察  �the   ruling   class�察  �still   holding   the   curb   in 

order to make itself more secure�察�would proceed to readjust things and to 

balance   consumption   with   production。   Having   a   monopoly   of   the   safe 

investments�察�the great masses of unremunerative capital would be directed�察�

not    to   the   production      of   more    surplus     value�察   �but   to  the   making      of 

permanent   improvements�察  �which   would   give   employment   to   the   people�察�

and   make   them   content   with   the   new   order   of   things。   Highways�察  �parks�察�

public   buildings�察  �monuments�察  �could   be   builded�察  �nor   would   it   be   out   of 

place   to   give   better   factories   and   homes   to   the   workers。   Such   in   itself 

would be socialistic�察�save that it would be done by the oligarchs�察�a class 

apart。 With the interest rate down to zero�察�and no field for the investment 

of   sporadic   capital�察  �savings   among   the   people   would   utterly   cease�察  �and 

old´age   pensions   be   granted   as   a   matter   of   course。   It   is   also   a   logical 

necessity      of  such    a  system     that�察  �when     the  population      began     to  press 

against the means of subsistence�察。�expansion being impossible���察�the birth 

rate    of   the  lower     classes    would     be   lessened。     Whether      by   their   own 

initiative�察�or   by  the interference  of  the  rulers�察 �it   would have  to   be   done�察�

and   it   would   be   done。   In   other   words�察  �the   oligarchy   would   mean   the 

capitalization of labor and the enslavement of the whole population。 But it 

would be a fairer�察�juster form of slavery than any the world has yet seen。 

The   per   capita   wage   and   consumption   would   be   increased�察  �and�察  �with   a 

stringent control of the birth rate�察�there is no reason why such a country 

should not be so ruled through many generations。 

     On     the   other    hand�察   �as   the   capitalistic    exploitation      of   the   planet 

a

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