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war of the classes(竣雫況尸)-及18何蛍

弌傍�� war of the classes(竣雫況尸) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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     On     the   other    hand�察   �as   the   capitalistic    exploitation      of   the   planet 

approaches   its   maximum�察  �and   countries   are   crowded   out   of   the   field   of 

foreign exchanges�察�there is a large likelihood that their change in direction 

will   be   toward   socialism。   Were   the   theory   of   collective   ownership   and 

operation   then   to   arise   for   the   first   time�察  �such   a   movement   would   stand 

small     chance     of   success。    But    such    is  not   the   case。   The     doctrine    of 

socialism has flourished and grown throughout the nineteenth century�察�its 

tenets have been preached wherever the interests of labor and capital have 

clashed�察�and it has received exemplification time and again by the State's 

assumption        of   functions      which     had    always      belonged      solely    to   the 

individual。 



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     When capitalistic production has attained its maximum development�察�

it must confront a dividing of the ways�察�and the strength of capital on the 

one hand�察�and the education and wisdom of the workers on the other�察�will 

determine   which   path   society  is   to   travel。   It   is   possible�察  �considering   the 

inertia   of   the   masses�察  �that   the   whole   world   might   in   time   come   to   be 

dominated by a group of industrial oligarchies�察�or by one great oligarchy�察�

but it is not probable。 That sporadic oligarchies may flourish for definite 

periods of time is highly possible�察�that they may continue to do so is as 

highly   improbable。  The   procession   of   the   ages   has   marked   not   only   the 

rise of man�察�but the rise of the common man。 From the chattel slave�察�or the 

serf chained to the soil�察�to the highest seats in modern society�察�he has risen�察�

rung by rung�察�amid the crumbling of the divine right of kings and the crash 

of falling sceptres。 That he has done this�察�only in the end to pass into the 

perpetual   slavery   of   the   industrial   oligarch�察  �is   something   at   which   his 

whole past cries in protest。 The common man is worthy of a better future�察�

or else he is not worthy of his past。 

       NOTE。The above article was written as long ago as 1898。 The only 

alteration has been the bringing up to 1900 of a few of its statistics。 As a 

commercial   venture         of   an  author�察  �it  has   an  interesting   history。    It  was 

promptly   accepted   by   one   of   the   leading   magazines   and   paid   for。   The 

editor confessed that it was ;one of those articles one could not possibly 

let go of after it was once in his possession。; Publication was voluntarily 

promised to be immediate。 Then the editor became afraid of its too radical 

nature�察�forfeited the sum paid for it�察�and did not publish it。 Nor�察�offered far 

and wide�察 �could   any  other editor of   bourgeois periodicals   be   found  who 

was rash enough to publish it。 Thus�察�for the first time�察�after seven years�察�it 

appears in print。 



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                                    A REVIEW 



     Two   remarkable books are   Ghent's   ;Our   Benevolent   Feudalism;   ��7�� 

and   Brooks's   ;The   Social   Unrest。;   ��8��   In   these   two   books   the   opposite 

sides   of   the   labor   problem   are   expounded�察  �each   writer   devoting   himself 

with apprehension to the side he fears and views with disfavor。 It would 

appear that they have set themselves the task of collating�察�as a   warning�察�

the    phenomena         of   two    counter     social    forces。    Mr。    Ghent�察    �who     is 

sympathetic   with   the   socialist   movement�察  �follows   with   cynic   fear   every 

aggressive   act   of   the   capitalist   class。   Mr。   Brooks�察  �who        yearns   for   the 

perpetuation   of   the   capitalist   system   as   long   as   possible�察  �follows   with 

grave dismay each aggressive act of the labor and socialist organizations。 

Mr。   Ghent   traces   the   emasculation   of   labor   by   capital�察  �and   Mr。   Brooks 

traces   the   emasculation   of   independent   competing   capital   by   labor。   In 

short�察�each marshals the facts of a side in the two sides which go to make a 

struggle so great that even the French Revolution is insignificant beside it�察�

for this later struggle�察�for the first time in the history of struggles�察�is not 

confined to any particular portion of the globe�察�but involves the whole of 

it。 

     Starting on the assumption that society is at present in a state of flux�察�

Mr。   Ghent   sees   it   rapidly   crystallizing   into   a   status   which   can   best   be 

described as something in the nature of a benevolent feudalism。 He laughs 

to scorn any immediate realization of the Marxian dream�察�while Tolstoyan 

utopias   and   Kropotkinian   communistic   unions   of   shop   and   farm   are   too 

wild to merit consideration。 The coming status which Mr。 Ghent depicts is 

a class domination by the capitalists。 Labor will take its definite place as a 

dependent        class�察  �living    in   a  condition      of   machine      servitude     fairly 

analogous to the land servitude of the Middle Ages。 That is to say�察�labor 

will be bound to the   machine�察�though   less   harshly�察 �in   fashion   somewhat 

similar to that in which the earlier serf was bound to the soil。 As he says�察�

;Bondage        to  the   land   was    the  basis    of  villeinage    in   the  old   regime�察�

bondage to the job will be the basis of villeinage in the new。; 

     At the top of the new society will tower the magnate�察�the new feudal 



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baron�察�at the bottom will be found the wastrels and the inefficients。 The 

new society he grades as follows�此�

       ;I。 The barons�察�graded on the basis of possessions。 

     ;II。 The court agents and retainers。 ��This class will include the editors 

of   'respectable'   and   'safe'   newspapers�察  �the   pastors   of   'conservative'   and 

'wealthy'   churches�察  �the   professors   and   teachers   in   endowed   colleges   and 

schools�察�lawyers generally�察�and most judges and politicians��。 

     ;III。 The workers in pure and applied science�察�artists�察�and physicians。 

     ;IV。     The    entrepreneurs�察      �the    managers      of    the   great    industries�察�

transformed into a salaried class。 

     ;V。 The foremen and superintendents。 This class has heretofore  been 

recruited largely from the skilled workers�察�but with the growth of technical 

education in schools and colleges�察�and the development of fixed caste�察�it is 

likely to become entirely differentiated。 

     ;VI。    The    villeins   of   the  cities   and   towns�察   �more     or  less   regularly 

employed�察       �who     do    skilled     work     and    are    partially    protected      by 

organization。 

     ;VII。 The villeins of the cities and towns who do unskilled work and 

are    unprotected       by   organization。      They     will    comprise      the   laborers�察�

domestics�察�and clerks。 

     ;VIII。   The   villeins   of   the   manorial   estates�察  �of   the   great   farms�察  �the 

mines�察�and the forests。 

     ;IX。 The   small´unit   farmers   ��land´owning���察  �the   petty  tradesmen�察  �and 

manufacturers。 

     ;X。     The     subtenants      of   the    manorial      estates    and    great    farms 

��corresponding to the class of 'free tenants' in the old Feudalism��。 

     ;XI。 The cotters。 

     ;XII。   The   tramps�察  �the   occasionally   employed�察  �the   unemployedthe 

wastrels of the city and country。; 

     ;The   new   Feudalism�察  �like   most   autocracies�察  �will   foster   not   only   the 

arts�察  �but   also   certain   kinds   of   learningparticularly   the   kinds   which   are 

unlikely to disturb the minds of the multitude。 A future Marsh�察�or Cope�察�or 

Le Comte will be liberally patronized and left free to discover what he will�察�

and   so�察  �too�察  �an   Edison   or   a   Marconi。   Only   they   must   not   meddle   with 



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anything relating to social science。; 

     It   must    be   confessed      that   Mr。    Ghent's     arguments      are   cunningly 

contrived      and    arrayed。    They    must    be   read    to  be   appreciated。     As    an 

example of his style�察�which at the same time generalizes a portion of his 

argument�察�the following may well be given�此�

     ;The     new    Feudalism      will   be   but   an  orderly    outgrowth      of   present 

tendencies      and    conditions。     All   societies    evolve    naturally    out   of   their 

predecessors。 In sociology�察�as in biology�察�there is no cell without a parent 

cell。 The society of each generation develops a multitude of spontaneous 

and acquired variations�察�and out of these�察�by a blending process of natural 

and conscious selection�察�the succeeding society is evolved。 The new order 

will    differ   in  no   important      respects    from    the   present�察   �except    in   the 

completer       development       of   its  more    salient   features。    The    visitor   from 

another planet who had known the old and should see the new would note 

but few changes。 Alter et Idemanother yet the samehe would say。 From 

magnate to baron�察�from workman to villein�察�from publicist to court agent 

and retainer�察�will be changes of state and function so slight as to elude all 

but the keenest eyes。; 

     And   in   conclusion�察  �to   show   how   benevolent   and   beautiful   this   new 

feudalism   of   ours   w

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