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war of the classes(竣雫況尸)-及2何蛍

弌傍�� war of the classes(竣雫況尸) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




before   socialism   becomes   possible。   He   must   learn   that   socialism   deals 

with what is�察�not with what ought to be�察�and that the material with which it 

deals is the ;clay of the common road�察─�the warm human�察�fallible and frail�察�

sordid and petty�察�absurd and contradictory�察�even grotesque�察�and yet�察�withal�察�

shot through   with   flashes   and   glimmerings   of   something   finer   and   God´ 

like�察�with here and there sweetnesses of service and unselfishness�察�desires 

for   goodness�察  �for   renunciation   and   sacrifice�察  �and   with   conscience�察  �stern 

and awful�察�at times blazingly imperious�察�demanding the right��the right�察�

nothing more nor less than the right。 

     JACK LONDON。 OAKLAND�察�CALIFORNIA。 January 12�察�1905。 



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                                      War of the Classes 



                THE CLASS STRUGGLE 



     Unfortunately or otherwise�察�people are prone to believe in the reality 

of the things they think ought to be so。 This comes of the cheery optimism 

which is innate with life itself�察�and�察�while it may sometimes be deplored�察�it 

must never be censured�察�for�察�as a rule�察�it is productive of more good than 

harm�察  �and   of   about   all   the   achievement   there   is   in   the   world。   There   are 

cases   where   this   optimism   has   been   disastrous�察  �as   with   the   people   who 

lived in Pompeii during its last quivering days�察�or with the aristocrats of 

the    time    of   Louis    XVI�察    �who    confidently      expected     the   Deluge     to 

overwhelm         their   children�察    �or   their   children's     children�察   �but    never 

themselves。       But   there   is  small    likelihood     that   the  case    of  perverse 

optimism  here   to   be   considered   will   end   in   such   disaster�察  �while   there   is 

every   reason   to   believe   that   the   great   change   now   manifesting   itself   in 

society   will   be   as   peaceful   and   orderly   in   its   culmination   as   it   is   in   its 

present development。 

     Out of their constitutional optimism�察�and because a class struggle is an 

abhorred and dangerous thing�察�the great American people are unanimous 

in asserting that there is no class struggle。 And by ;American people; is 

meant   the   recognized   and   authoritative   mouth´   pieces   of   the   American 

people�察�which are the press�察�the pulpit�察�and the university。 The journalists�察�

the preachers�察�and the professors are practically of one voice in declaring 

that there is no such thing as a class struggle now going on�察�much less that 

a class struggle will ever go on�察�in the United States。 And this declaration 

they continually make in the face of a multitude of facts which impeach�察�

not so much their sincerity�察�as affirm�察�rather�察�their optimism。 

     There are two ways of approaching the subject of the class struggle。 

The   existence   of   this   struggle   can   be   shown   theoretically�察  �and   it   can   be 

shown actually。 For a class struggle to exist in society there must be�察�first�察�

a class inequality�察�a superior class and an inferior class ��as measured by 

power���察�and�察�second�察�the outlets must be closed whereby the strength and 

ferment of the inferior class have been permitted to escape。 

     That there are even classes in the United States is vigorously denied by 



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many�察  �but   it   is   incontrovertible�察  �when   a   group   of   individuals   is   formed�察�

wherein the members are bound together by common interests which are 

peculiarly   their   interests   and   not   the   interests   of   individuals   outside   the 

group�察  �that   such   a   group   is   a   class。   The   owners   of   capital�察  �with   their 

dependents�察�form a class of this nature in the United States�察�the working 

people form a similar class。 The interest of the capitalist class�察�say�察�in the 

matter of income tax�察�is quite contrary to the interest of the laboring class�察�

and�察�VICE VERSA�察�in the matter of poll´tax。 

     If   between   these   two   classes   there   be   a   clear   and   vital   conflict   of 

interest�察�all   the   factors   are   present   which make   a   class   struggle�察�but   this 

struggle will lie dormant if the strong and capable members of the inferior 

class   be   permitted   to   leave   that   class   and   join   the   ranks   of   the   superior 

class。 The capitalist class and the working class have existed side by side 

and    for   a  long   time    in  the  United     States�察  �but   hitherto   all  the   strong�察�

energetic members of the working class have been able to rise out of their 

class and become owners of capital。 They were enabled to do this because 

an    undeveloped       country     with   an   expanding       frontier   gave    equality    of 

opportunity to all。 In the almost lottery´like scramble for the ownership of 

vast unowned natural resources�察�and in the exploitation of which there was 

little   or   no   competition   of   capital�察  。�the   capital   itself   rising   out   of   the 

exploitation���察�the capable�察�intelligent member of the working class found a 

field in which to use his brains to his own advancement。 Instead of being 

discontented   in   direct   ratio   with   his   intelligence   and   ambitions�察  �and   of 

radiating   amongst        his   fellows   a   spirit  of  revolt   as  capable   as    he   was 

capable�察�he left them to their fate and carved his own way to a place in the 

superior class。 

     But the day of an expanding frontier�察�of a lottery´like scramble for the 

ownership of natural resources�察�and of the upbuilding of new industries�察�is 

past。 Farthest West has been reached�察�and an immense volume of surplus 

capital roams for investment and nips in the bud the patient efforts of the 

embryo capitalist to   rise through slow  increment from small   beginnings。 

The gateway of opportunity after opportunity has been closed�察�and closed 

for all time。 Rockefeller has shut the door on oil�察�the American Tobacco 

Company on tobacco�察�and Carnegie on steel。 After Carnegie came Morgan�察�



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who triple´ locked the door。 These doors will not open again�察�and before 

them  pause   thousands   of   ambitious   young   men   to   read   the   placard�此  �NO 

THOROUGH´FARE。 

     And day by day more doors are shut�察�while the ambitious young men 

continue   to   be   born。   It   is   they�察  �denied   the   opportunity   to   rise   from   the 

working class�察�who preach revolt to the working class。 Had he been born 

fifty years later�察�Andrew Carnegie�察�the poor Scotch boy�察�might have risen 

to be president of his union�察�or of a federation of unions�察�but that he would 

never     have    become      the   builder    of   Homestead        and   the   founder     of 

multitudinous libraries�察�is   as   certain   as   it   is   certain that some   other  man 

would have developed the steel industry had Andrew Carnegie never been 

born。 

     Theoretically�察  �then�察     �there   exist  in   the  United   States    all   the  factors 

which go to make a class struggle。 There are the capitalists and working 

classes�察  �the   interests   of   which   conflict�察  �while   the   working   class   is   no 

longer being emasculated to the extent it was in the past by having drawn 

off   from   it   its   best   blood   and   brains。   Its   more   capable   members   are   no 

longer able to rise out of it and leave the great mass leaderless and helpless。 

They remain to be its leaders。 

     But the optimistic mouthpieces of the great American people�察�who are 

themselves deft theoreticians�察�are not to be convinced by mere theoretics。 

So   it   remains   to   demonstrate   the   existence   of   the   class   struggle   by   a 

marshalling of the facts。 

     When nearly two millions of men�察�finding themselves knit together by 

certain     interests    peculiarly      their   own�察    �band    together     in   a   strong 

organization for the aggressive pursuit of those interests�察�it is evident that 

society  has   within   it   a   hostile   and   warring   class。   But   when   the   interests 

which this class aggressively pursues conflict sharply and vitally with the 

interests of another class�察�class antagonism arises and a class struggle is 

the    inevitable     result。   One    great    organization      of   labor   alone    has    a 

membership        of   1��700��000     in  the   United    States。   This   is  the   American 

Federation of Labor�察�and outside of it are many other large organizations。 

All these men are banded together for the frank purpose of bettering their 

condition�察�regardless of the  harm worked thereby  upon all other  classes。 



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They are in open antagonism with the capitalist class�察�while the manifestos 

of their leaders state that the struggle is one which can never end until the 

capitalist class is exterminated。 

     Their leaders will largely deny this last statement�察�but an examination 

of their utterances�察�their actions�察�and the situation will forestall such denial。 

In the first place�察�the conflict between labor and capital is over the division 

of the join product。 Capital and labor apply themselves to raw material and 

make it into a finished product。 The difference between the value of the 

raw material and the value of the finished product is the value they have 

added to it by their joint effort。 This added value is�察�therefore�察�their joint 

product�察�and it is over the division of this joint product that the struggle 

be

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