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war of the classes(竣雫況尸)-及20何蛍

弌傍�� war of the classes(竣雫況尸) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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     It   is   in   the   struggle   of   the   species   with   other   species   and   against   all 

other hostile forces in the environment�察�that this law operates�察�also in the 

struggle   between   the   individuals   of   the   same   species。   In   this   struggle�察�

which   is   for   food   and   shelter�察  �the   weak   individuals   must   obviously   win 

less   food   and   shelter  than   the  strong。   Because  of   this�察 �their  hold   on   life 

relaxes and they are eliminated。 And for the same reason that they may not 

win   for   themselves   adequate   food   and   shelter�察  �the   weak   cannot   give   to 

their progeny the chance for survival that the strong give。 And thus�察�since 

the weak are prone to beget weakness�察�the species is constantly purged of 

its inefficient members。 

     Because of this�察�a premium is placed upon strength�察�and so long as the 

struggle for food and shelter obtains�察�just so long will the average strength 

of   each   generation     increase。   On   the  other   hand�察  �should    conditions    so 

change that all�察�and the progeny of all�察�the weak as well as the strong�察�have 

an equal chance for survival�察�then�察�at once�察�the average strength of each 

generation will begin to diminish。 Never yet�察�however�察�in animal life�察�has 

there been such a state of affairs。 Natural selection has always obtained。 

The   strong   and   their   progeny�察  �at   the   expense   of   the   weak�察  �have   always 



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survived。 This law of development has operated down all the past upon all 

life�察�it so operates today�察�and it is not rash to say that it will continue to 

operate in the futureat least upon all life existing in a state of nature。 

     Man�察  �preeminent        though     he  is  in  the   animal    kingdom�察     �capable    of 

reacting      upon      and     making      suitable     an     unsuitable      environment�察�

nevertheless   remains   the   creature   of   this   same   law   of   development。  The 

social selection to which he is subject is merely another form of natural 

selection。 True�察�within certain narrow limits he modifies the struggle for 

existence and renders less precarious the tenure of life for the weak。 The 

extremely       weak�察   �diseased�察   �and   inefficient    are  housed     in  hospitals    and 

asylums。 The strength of the viciously strong�察�when inimical to society�察�is 

tempered by penal institutions and by the gallows。 The short´sighted are 

provided with spectacles�察�and the sickly ��when they can pay for it�� with 

sanitariums。   Pestilential   marshes   are   drained�察  �plagues   are   checked�察  �and 

disasters averted。 Yet�察�for all that�察�the strong and the progeny of the strong 

survive�察�and the weak are crushed out。 The men strong of brain are masters 

as of yore。 They dominate society and gather to themselves the wealth of 

society。     With    this   wealth    they    maintain     themselves      and    equip    their 

progeny   for      the  struggle。    They    build   their   homes     in  healthful    places�察�

purchase the best fruits�察�meats�察�and vegetables the market affords�察�and buy 

themselves       the   ministrations     of  the   most    brilliant   and   learned    of   the 

professional classes。 The weak man�察�as of yore�察�is the servant�察�the doer of 

things at the master's call。 The weaker and less efficient he is�察�the poorer is 

his reward。 The weakest work for a living wage�察。�when they can get work���察�

live in unsanitary slums�察�on vile and insufficient food�察�at the lowest depths 

of   human      degradation。     Their    grasp    on  life  is  indeed    precarious�察    �their 

mortality excessive�察�their infant death´rate appalling。 

     That   some   should   be   born   to   preferment   and   others   to   ignominy   in 

order that the race may progress�察�is cruel and sad�察�but none the less they 

are so born。 The weeding out of human souls�察�some for fatness and smiles�察�

some   for   leanness   and   tears�察  �is   surely   a   heartless   selective   processas 

heartless   as   it   is   natural。   And   the   human   family�察  �for   all   its   wonderful 

record of adventure and achievement�察�has not yet succeeded in avoiding 

this process。 That it is incapable of doing this is not to be hazarded。 Not 



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only is it capable�察�but the whole trend of society is in that direction。 All the 

social forces are driving man on to a time when the old selective law will 

be    annulled。     There     is  no   escaping      it�察 �save   by    the   intervention      of 

catastrophes       and   cataclysms      quite   unthinkable。      It  is  inexorable。     It  is 

inexorable because the common   man demands   it。 The twentieth   century�察�

the common man says�察�is his day�察�the common man's day�察�or�察�rather�察�the 

dawning of the common man's day。 

     Nor can it be denied。 The evidence is with him。 The previous centuries�察�

and more notably the nineteenth�察�have marked the rise of the common man。 

From   chattel   slavery   to   serfdom�察  �and   from   serfdom   to   what   he   bitterly 

terms ;wage slavery�察─�he has risen。 Never was he so strong as he is today�察�

and     never   so   menacing。      He    does   the   work     of  the   world�察   �and   he   is 

beginning to know it。 The world   cannot get along without him�察�and   this 

also he is beginning to know。 All the human knowledge of the past�察�all the 

scientific      discovery�察     �governmental         experiment�察       �and    invention       of 

machinery�察  �have   tended   to   his   advancement。   His   standard   of   living   is 

higher。 His common school education would shame princes ten centuries 

past。 His civil and religious liberty makes him a free man�察�and his ballot 

the   peer   of   his   betters。 And   all   this   has   tended   to   make   him   conscious�察�

conscious   of   himself�察  �conscious   of   his   class。   He   looks   about   him   and 

questions   that   ancient   law   of   development。   It   is   cruel   and   wrong�察  �he   is 

beginning      to   declare。   It  is  an  anachronism。       Let   it  be  abolished。     Why 

should   there   be one   empty  belly  in   all   the   world�察  �when the   work   of   ten 

men can feed a hundred�拭�What if my brother be not so strong as I�拭�He has 

not   sinned。 Wherefore should   he   hunger´  ´he   and   his   sinless   little   ones�拭�

Away with the old law。 There is food and shelter for all�察�therefore let all 

receive food and shelter。 

     As fast as labor has become conscious it has organized。 The ambition 

of these class´conscious men is that the movement shall become general�察�

that all labor shall become conscious of itself and its class interests。 And 

the   day   that   witnesses   the   solidarity   of   labor�察  �they   triumphantly   affirm�察�

will     be   a    day    when     labor     dominates       the   world。     This     growing 

consciousness has led to the organization of two movements�察�both separate 

and distinct�察�but both converging   toward a common   goalone�察�the labor 



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movement�察�known as Trade Unionism�察�the other�察�the political movement�察�

known   as   Socialism。   Both   are   grim   and   silent   forces�察  �unheralded           and 

virtually   unknown   to   the   general   public   save   in   moments   of   stress。   The 

sleeping labor giant   receives little   notice  from  the  capitalistic  press�察  �and 

when      he  stirs  uneasily�察   �a  column      of  surprise�察  �indignation�察     �and   horror 

suffices。 

     It   is   only  now   and   then�察  �after   long   periods   of   silence�察  �that   the   labor 

movement   puts   in   its   claim   for   notice。 All   is   quiet。   The   kind   old   world 

spins     on�察  �and    the    bourgeois      masters     clip   their   coupons      in   smug 

complacency。 But the grim and silent forces are at work。 

     Suddenly�察�like a clap of thunder from a clear sky�察�comes a disruption 

of industry。 From ocean to ocean the wheels of a great chain of railroads 

cease to run。 A quarter of a million miners throw down pick and shovel 

and outrage the sun with their pale�察�bleached faces。 The street railways of 

a   swarming   metropolis   stand   idle�察  �or   the   rumble   of   machinery   in   vast 

manufactories dies away to silence。 There is alarm and panic。 Arson and 

homicide   stalk   forth。   There   is   a   cry   in   the   night�察  �and   quick   anger   and 

sudden death。 Peaceful cities are affrighted by the crack of rifles and the 

snarl of machine´guns�察�and the hearts of the shuddering are shaken by the 

roar of dynamite。 There is hurrying and skurrying。 The wires are kept hot 

between the   centre of government and   the seat   of trouble。 The chiefs of 

state ponder gravely and advise�察�and governors of states implore。 There is 

assembling of militia and massing of troops�察�and the streets resound to the 

tramp of armed men。 There are separate and joint conferences between the 

captains of industry and the captains of labor。 And then�察�finally�察�all is quiet 

again�察�and the memory of it is like the memory of a bad dream。 

     But these strikes become olympiads�察�things to date from�察�and common 

on the lips of men become such phrases as ;The Great Dock Strike�察─ �The 

Great Coal Strike�察─ �The Great Railroad Strike。; Never before did labor do 

these   things。  After   the   Great   Plague   in   England�察  �labor�察  �finding   itself   in 

demand   and   innocently   obeying   the   economic   law�察  �asked   higher   wages。 

But     the  masters     set   a  maximum        wage�察   �restrained     workingmen        

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