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war of the classes(竣雫況尸)-及21何蛍

弌傍�� war of the classes(竣雫況尸) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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But     the  masters     set   a  maximum        wage�察   �restrained     workingmen        from 

moving about from place to place�察�refused to tolerate idlers�察�and by most 

barbarous      legal   methods      punished     those   who     disobeyed。     But   labor    is 



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accorded   greater   respect   today。   Such   a   policy�察  �put   into   effect   in   this   the 

first decade of the twentieth century�察�would sweep the masters from their 

seats in one mighty crash。 And the masters know it and are respectful。 

     A  fair   instance   of   the   growing   solidarity   of   labor   is   afforded   by   an 

unimportant       recent   strike   in  San   Francisco。     The   restaurant    cooks    and 

waiters   were   completely   unorganized�察  �working   at   any   and   all   hours   for 

whatever       wages     they   could    get。   A   representative      of   the   American 

Federation of Labor went among them and organized them。 Within a few 

weeks nearly two thousand men were enrolled�察�and they had five thousand 

dollars on deposit。 Then they put in their demand for increased wages and 

shorter     hours。   Forthwith     their  employers      organized。     The    demand     was 

denied�察�and the Cooks' and Waiters' Union walked out。 

     All    organized     employers     stood    back    of  the   restaurant    owners�察   �in 

sympathy with them and willing to aid them if they dared。 And at the back 

of   the   Cooks'   and   Waiters'   Union   stood   the   organized   labor   of   the   city�察�

40��000     strong。    If  a  business    man    was   caught    patronizing     an   ;unfair; 

restaurant�察  �he   was   boycotted�察  �if   a   union   man   was   caught�察  �he   was   fined 

heavily by his union or expelled。 The oyster companies and the slaughter 

houses     made     an  attempt    to   refuse   to  sell  oysters    and   meat    to  union 

restaurants。     The    Butchers      and   Meat     Cutters�察   �and   the   Teamsters�察    �in 

retaliation�察  �refused   to   work   for   or   to   deliver   to   non´union   restaurants。 

Upon      this  the   oyster   companies       and   slaughter    houses     acknowledged 

themselves beaten and peace reigned。 But the Restaurant Bakers in non´ 

union places were ordered out�察�and the Bakery Wagon Drivers declined to 

deliver to unfair houses。 

     Every American Federation of Labor union in the city was prepared to 

strike�察�and waited only the word。 And behind all�察�a handful of men�察�known 

as the Labor Council�察�directed the fight。 One by one�察�blow upon blow�察�they 

were able if they deemed it necessary to call out the unionsthe Laundry 

Workers�察�who do the washing�察�the Hackmen�察�who haul men to and from 

restaurants�察�the   Butchers�察  �Meat   Cutters�察�and Teamsters�察  �and   the   Milkers�察�

Milk Drivers�察�and Chicken Pickers�察�and after that�察�in pure sympathy�察�the 

Retail Clerks�察�the Horse Shoers�察�the Gas and Electrical Fixture Hangers�察�

the    Metal     Roofers�察    �the   Blacksmiths�察     �the   Blacksmiths'      Helpers�察    �the 



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Stablemen�察�the Machinists�察�the Brewers�察�the Coast Seamen�察�the Varnishers 

and Polishers�察�the Confectioners�察�the Upholsterers�察�the Paper Hangers and 

Fresco     Painters�察  �the   Drug    Clerks�察   �the  Fitters   and   Helpers�察   �the   Metal 

Workers�察     �the   Boiler    Makers     and    Iron   Ship    Builders�察    �the  Assistant 

Undertakers�察      �the  Carriage     and   Wagon     Workers�察    �and   so   on  down     the 

lengthy list of organizations。 

     For�察�over all these trades�察�over all these thousands of men�察�is the Labor 

Council。 When it speaks its voice is heard�察�and when it orders it is obeyed。 

But it�察�in turn�察�is dominated by the National Labor Council�察�with which it 

is constantly in touch。 In this wholly unimportant little local strike it is of 

interest    to   note   the   stands    taken   by    the  different    sides。   The    legal 

representative and official mouthpiece of the Employers' Association said�此�

;This organization is formed for defensive purposes�察�and it may be driven 

to take offensive steps�察�and if so�察�will be strong enough to follow them up。 

Labor cannot be allowed to dictate to capital and say how business shall 

be conducted。 There is no objection to the formation of unions and trades 

councils�察�but membership must not be compulsory。 It is repugnant to the 

American idea of liberty and cannot be tolerated。; 

     On the other hand�察�the president of the Team Drivers' Union said�此 �The 

employers       of  labor   in  this  city   are  generally     against   the   trade´union 

movement and there seems to be a concerted effort on their part to check 

the progress of organized labor。 Such action as has been taken by them in 

sympathy   with   the   present   labor   troubles   may�察  �if   continued�察  �lead   to   a 

serious conflict�察�the outcome of which might be most calamitous for the 

business and industrial interests of San Francisco。; 

     And     the  secretary    of   the  United     Brewery     Workmen�此       �I  regard   a 

sympathetic strike as the last weapon which organized labor should use in 

its   defence。   When�察  �however�察  �associations   of   employers   band   together   to 

defeat organized labor�察�or one of its branches�察�then we should not and will 

not hesitate ourselves to employ the same instrument in retaliation。; 

     Thus�察   �in   a  little  corner   of  the  world�察   �is  exemplified     the   growing 

solidarity of labor。 The organization of labor has not only kept pace with 

the organization of industry�察�but it has gained upon it。 In one winter�察�in the 

anthracite     coal   region�察   �160��000��000       in   mines    and   600��000��000        in 



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transportation and distribution consolidated its ownership and control。 And 

at once�察�arrayed as solidly on the other side�察�were the 150��000 anthracite 

miners。   The   bituminous   mines�察  �however�察  �were   not   consolidated�察  �yet   the 

250��000 men employed therein were already combined。 And not only that�察�

but   they   were   also   combined   with   the   anthracite   miners�察  �these   400��000 

men being under the control and direction of one supreme labor council。 

And in this and the other great councils are to be found captains of labor 

of   splendid   abilities�察  �who�察  �in   understanding   of   economic   and   industrial 

conditions�察�are undeniably  the   equals   of their opponents�察�the   captains of 

industry。 

     The United States is honeycombed with labor organizations。 And the 

big federations which these go to compose aggregate millions of members�察�

and   in   their   various   branches   handle   millions   of   dollars   yearly。 And   not 

only this�察�for the international brotherhoods and unions are forming�察�and 

moneys   for   the   aid   of   strikers   pass   back   and   forth   across   the   seas。   The 

Machinists�察�in their demand for a nine´ hour day�察�affected 500��000 men in 

the   United   States�察  �Mexico�察  �and   Canada。   In   England   the   membership   of 

working´class organizations is approximated by Keir Hardie at 2��500��000�察�

with reserve funds of 18��000��000。 There the cooperative movement has a 

membership of 1��500��000�察�and every year turns over in distribution more 

than   100��000��000。   In   France�察  �one´eighth   of   the   whole   working   class   is 

unionized。 In Belgium the unions are very rich and powerful�察�and so able 

to   defy   the   masters   that   many   of   the   smaller   manufacturers�察  �unable   to 

resist�察 �are removing their works to other countries where the workmen's 

organizations are not so potential。; And in all other countries�察�according to 

the stage of their economic and political development�察�like figures obtain。 

And Europe�察�today�察�confesses that her greatest social problem is the labor 

problem�察�and that it is the one most closely engrossing the attention of her 

statesmen。 

     The organization of labor is one of the chief acknowledged factors in 

the    retrogression      of   British    trade。   The    workers     have     become      class 

conscious   as   never   before。   The   wrong   of   one   is   the   wrong   of   all。   They 

have come to realize�察�in a short´sighted way�察�that their masters' interests 

are not their interests。 The harder they work�察�they believe�察�the more wealth 



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they create for their masters。 Further�察�the more work they do in one day�察�

the fewer men will be needed to do the work。 So the unions place a day's 

stint upon their members�察�beyond which they are not permitted to go。 In 

;A   Study   of   Trade   Unionism�察─  �by   Benjamin   Taylor   in   the   ;Nineteenth 

Century;   of   April�察  �1898�察  �are   furnished   some   interesting   corroborations。 

The   facts   here   set   forth   were   collected   by   the   Executive   Board   of   the 

Employers' Federation�察�the documentary proofs of which are in the hands 

of    the  secretaries。    In   a  certain   firm    the  union    workmen       made     eight 

ammunition boxes a day。 Nor could they be persuaded into making more。 

A young Swiss�察�who could not speak English�察�was set to work�察�and in the 

first   day   he   made   fifty   boxes。   In   the   same   firm   the   skilled   union   hands 

filed up the outside handles of one machine´ gun a day。 That was their stint。 

No one was known ever to do more。 A non´union filer came into the shop 

and did twelve a day。 A Manchester firm found

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