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及23何蛍

war of the classes(竣雫況尸)-及23何蛍

弌傍�� war of the classes(竣雫況尸) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




new phase。 There has been a remarkable change in attitude on both sides。 

For   a   long   time   the   labor   unions   refrained   from   going   in   for   political 

action。   On   the   other   hand�察  �the   Socialists   claimed   that   without   political 

action labor was powerless。 And because of this there was much ill feeling 

between them�察�even open hostilities�察�and no concerted action。 But now the 

Socialists grant that the labor movement has held up wages and decreased 

the    hours    of  labor�察  �and    the  labor    unions    find   that   political   action    is 



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necessary。 Today both parties have drawn closely together in the common 

fight。 In the United States this friendly feeling grows。 The Socialist papers 

espouse   the   cause   of   labor�察  �and   the   unions   have   opened   their   ears   once 

more   to   the   wiles   of   the   Socialists。 They  are   all   leavened   with   Socialist 

workmen�察  �boring   from  within�察─  �and   many  of   their   leaders   have   already 

succumbed。 In England�察�where class consciousness is more developed�察�the 

name   ;Unionism;   has   been   replaced by  ;The   New  Unionism�察─  �the   main 

object of which is ;to capture existing social structures in the interests of 

the    wage´     earners。;     There     the   Socialist�察   �the   trade´union�察     �and    other 

working´   class   organizations   are   beginning   to   cooperate   in   securing   the 

return of representatives to the House of Commons。 And in France�察�where 

the   city   councils   and   mayors   of   Marseilles   and   Monteaules´   Mines   are 

Socialistic�察�thousands of francs of municipal money were voted for the aid 

of the unions in the recent great strikes。 

     For   centuries   the   world   has   been   preparing   for   the   coming   of   the 

common         man。    And     the   period     of   preparation      virtually    past�察   �labor�察�

conscious of itself and its desires�察�has begun a definite movement toward 

solidarity。   It   believes   the   time   is   not   far   distant   when   the   historian   will 

speak   not   only   of   the   dark   ages   of   feudalism�察  �but   of   the   dark   ages   of 

capitalism。      And    labor    sincerely    believes     itself  justified   in  this   by   the 

terrible indictment it brings against capitalistic   society。 In the face of   its 

enormous wealth�察�capitalistic society forfeits its right to existence when it 

permits widespread�察�bestial poverty。 The philosophy of the survival of the 

fittest does not soothe the class´conscious worker when he learns through 

his class   literature   that among   the   Italian pants´finishers   of   Chicago   ��9�� 

the   average   weekly   wage   is   1。31�察  �and   the   average   number   of   weeks 

employed in the year is 27。85。 Likewise when he reads�今�10�� ;Every room 

in    these   reeking     tenements      houses     a  family    or   two。    In  one    room    a 

missionary found a man ill with small´pox�察�his wife just recovering from 

her confinement�察�and the children running about half naked and covered 

with dirt。 Here are seven people living in one underground kitchen�察�and a 

little dead   child lying   in the   same   room。  Here   live   a   widow  and   her   six 

children�察�two of whom are ill with scarlet fever。 In another�察�nine brothers 

and sisters�察�from twenty´nine years of age downward�察�live�察�eat�察�and sleep 



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together。; And likewise�察�when he reads�今�11�� ;When one man�察�fifty years 

old�察�who has worked all his life�察�is compelled to beg a little money to bury 

his   dead   baby�察  �and   another   man�察  �fifty   years   old�察  �can   give   ten   million 

dollars to enable his daughter to live in luxury and bolster up a decaying 

foreign aristocracy�察�do you see nothing amiss�拭─�

     And on the other hand�察�the class´conscious worker reads the statistics 

of the wealthy classes�察�knows what their incomes are�察�and how they get 

them。 True�察�down all the past he has known his own material misery and 

the material comfort of the dominant classes�察�and often has this knowledge 

led him to intemperate acts and unwise rebellion。 But today�察�and for the 

first time�察  �because both society and he   have evolved�察  �he is beginning   to 

see    a  possible     way    out。  His    ears   are  opening     to   the   propaganda      of 

Socialism�察     �the   passionate     gospel    of  the   dispossessed。      But   it  does   not 

inculcate a turning back。 The way through is the way out�察�he understands�察�

and with this in mind he draws up the programme。 

     It   is  quite   simple�察   �this   programme。       Everything      is  moving      in  his 

direction�察  �toward   the   day   when   he   will   take   charge。   The   trust�拭�Ah�察  �no。 

Unlike   the   trembling   middle´class   man   and   the   small   capitalist�察  �he   sees 

nothing at which to be frightened。 He likes the trust。 He exults in the trust�察�

for it is largely doing the task for him。 It socializes production�察�this done�察�

there remains nothing   for him  to   do but   socialize distribution�察 �and   all   is 

accomplished。   The   trust�拭   �It   organizes   industry   on   an   enormous�察  �labor´ 

saving scale�察�and abolishes childish�察�wasteful competition。; It is a gigantic 

object lesson�察�and it preaches his political economy far more potently than 

he can preach it。 He points to the trust�察�laughing scornfully in the face of 

the orthodox economists。 ;You told me this thing could not be�察─。�12�� he 

thunders。 ;Behold�察�the thing is� ─�

     He sees   competition   in the   realm  of production passing   away。 When 

the   captains   of   industry   have   thoroughly   organized   production�察  �and   got 

everything running smoothly�察�it will be very easy for him to eliminate the 

profits by stepping in and having the thing run for himself。 And the captain 

of   industry�察  �if   he   be   good�察 �may  be   given   the privilege  of   continuing   the 

management   on   a   fair   salary。   The   sixty   millions   of   dividends   which   the 

Standard   Oil   Company   annually   declares   will   be   distributed   among   the 



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workers。   The   same   with   the   great   United   States   Steel   Corporation。   The 

president   of   that   corporation   knows   his   business。   Very   good。   Let   him 

become Secretary of the Department of Iron and Steel of the United States。 

But�察�since the chief executive of a nation of seventy´odd millions works 

for 50��000 a year�察�the Secretary of the Department of Iron and Steel must 

expect to have his salary cut accordingly。 And not only will the workers 

take to themselves the profits of national and municipal monopolies�察�but 

also the immense revenues which the dominant classes today draw from 

rents�察�and mines�察�and factories�察�and all manner of enterprises。 

       All this would seem very like a dream�察�even to the worker�察�if it were 

not    for  the   fact   that  like   things   have    been    done    before。    He   points 

triumphantly       to  the   aristocrat   of   the  eighteenth     century�察   �who    fought�察�

legislated�察�governed�察�and dominated society�察�but who was shorn of power 

and displaced by the rising bourgeoisie。 Ay�察�the thing was done�察�he holds。 

And it shall be done again�察�but this time it is the proletariat who does the 

shearing。   Sociology   has   taught   him   that   m´i´g´h´t   spells   ;right。;   Every 

society   has   been   ruled   by   classes�察  �and   the   classes   have   ruled   by   sheer 

strength�察  �and   have   been   overthrown   by   sheer   strength。   The   bourgeoisie�察�

because it was the stronger�察�dragged down the nobility of the sword�察�and 

the proletariat�察�because it is the strongest of all�察�can and will drag down the 

bourgeoisie。 

     And   in   that   day�察  �for   better   or   worse�察  �the   common   man   becomes   the 

masterfor   better�察  �he   believes。   It   is   his   intention   to   make   the   sum   of 

human happiness far greater。 No man shall work for a bare living wage�察�

which is degradation。 Every man shall have work to do�察�and shall be paid 

exceedingly well for doing it。 There shall be no slum classes�察�no beggars。 

Nor shall there be hundreds of thousands of men and women condemned�察�

for economic reasons�察�to lives of celibacy or sexual infertility。 Every man 

shall be able to marry�察�to live in healthy�察�comfortable quarters�察�and to have 

all he wants to eat as many times a day as he wishes。 There shall no longer 

be a life´and´death struggle for food and shelter。 The old heartless law of 

development shall be annulled。 

     All of which is very good and very fine。 And when these things have 

come      to  pass�察  �what    then�拭   �Of   old�察 �by   virtue    of  their   weakness     and 



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inefficiency in the struggle for food and shelter�察�the race was purged of its 

weak and inefficient members。 But this will no longer obtain。 Under the 

new order the weak and the progeny of the weak will have a chance for 

survival   equal   to   that   of   the   strong   and   the   progeny   of   the   strong。   This 

being so�察�the premium upon strength will have been withdrawn�察�and on the 

face of it the average strength of each generation�察�instead of continuing to 

rise�察�will begin to decline。 

     When      the  common       man's    day   shall  have    arrived�察  �the   new    social 

institutions   of   that   day   will   prevent   the   weeding  

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