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及30何蛍

madam how and lady why(裟健繁才山溺平)-及30何蛍

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land sunk inside�察�and when the island had sunk completely beneath the sea�察�



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what would be left�拭         �What must be left but a ring of coral reef�察�around 

the spot where the last mountain peak of the island sank beneath the sea�拭─�

And so Mr。 Darwin explained the shapes of hundreds of coral islands in 

the Pacific�察�and proved�察�too�察�some strange things besides ��he proved�察�and 

other   men�察  �like   Mr。   Wallace�察  �whose   excellent   book   on   the   East   Indian 

islands you must read some day�察�have proved in other ways�� that there was 

once a great continent�察�joined perhaps to Australia and to New Guinea�察�in 

the   Pacific   Ocean�察  �where   is   now   nothing   but   deep   sea�察  �and   coral´reefs 

which mark the mountain ranges of that sunken world。 

     But how   does the   coral ever   rise above   the surface   of the   water   and 

turn into hard stone�拭�

     Of course the coral polypes cannot build above the high´tide mark�察�but 

the surf which beats upon them piles up their broken fragments just as a 

sea´beach is piled up�察�and hammers them together with that water hammer 

which   is   heavier   and   stronger   than   any   you   have   ever   seen   in   a   smith's 

forge。     And   then�察  �as   is   the   fashion   of   lime�察  �the   whole   mass   sets   and 

becomes hard�察�as you may see mortar set�察�and so you have a low island a 

few feet above the sea。        Then sea´birds come to it�察�and rest and build�察�and 

seeds   are   floated thither   from  far   lands�察  �and among   them  almost   always 

the cocoa´ nut�察�which loves to grow by the sea´shore�察�and groves of cocoa 

palms grow up upon the lonely isle。             Then�察�perhaps�察�trees and bushes are 

drifted thither before the trade´wind�察�and entangled in their roots are seeds 

of other plants�察�and eggs or cocoons of insects�察�and so a few flowers and a 

few butterflies and beetles set up for themselves upon the new land。                   And 

then a bird or two�察�caught in a storm and blown away to sea finds shelter 

in the cocoa´grove�察�and so a little new world is set up�察�in which ��you must 

remember always�� there are no four´footed beasts�察�nor snakes�察�nor lizards�察�

nor frogs�察�nor any animals that cannot cross the sea。 And on some of those 

islands they may live ��indeed there is reason to believe they have lived���察�so 

long�察�that some of them have changed their forms�察�according to the laws of 

Madam How�察�who sooner or later fits each thing exactly for the place in 

which it is meant to live�察�till upon some of them you may find such strange 

and unique creatures as the famous cocoa´nut crab�察�which learned men call 

Birgus latro。      A great crab he is�察�who walks upon the tips of his toes a 



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foot high above the ground。          And because he has often nothing to eat but 

cocoa´nuts�察�or at least they are the best things he can find�察�cocoa´nuts he 

has learned to eat�察�and after a fashion which it would puzzle you to imitate。 

Some say that he climbs up the stems of the cocoa´nut trees�察�and pulls the 

fruit down for himself�察�but that�察�it seems�察�he does not usually do。 What he 

does is this�此    �when he finds a fallen cocoa´nut�察�he begins tearing away the 

thick husk   and fibre   with his   strong   claws�察�and he knows perfectly  well 

which end to tear it from�察�namely�察�from the end where the three eye´holes 

are�察�which you call the monkey's face�察�out of one of which you know�察�the 

young cocoa´nut tree would burst forth。            And when he has got to the eye´ 

holes�察�he hammers through one of them with the point of his heavy claw。 

So far�察�so good�此      �but how is he to get the meat out�拭           �He cannot put his 

claw in。     He has no proboscis like a butterfly to insert and suck with。 He 

is as far off from his dinner as the fox was when the stork offered him a 

feast in a long´necked jar。         What then do you think he does�拭            �He turns 

himself round�察�puts in a pair of his hind pincers�察�which are very slender�察�

and with them scoops the meat out of the cocoa´nut�察�and so puts his dinner 

into his mouth with his hind feet。          And even the cocoa´nut husk he does 

not waste�察�for he lives in deep burrows which he makes like a rabbit�察�and 

being a luxurious crab�察�and liking to sleep soft in spite of his hard shell�察�he 

lines them with a quantity of cocoa´nut fibre�察�picked out clean and fine�察�

just as if he was going to make cocoa´nut matting of it。              And being also a 

clean crab�察�as I hope you are a clean little boy�察�he goes down to the sea 

every night to have his bath and moisten his gills�察�and so lives happy all 

his days�察�and gets so fat in his old age that he carries about his body nearly 

a quart of pure oil。 

     That is the history of the cocoa´nut crab。          And if any one tells me that 

that   crab   acts   only   on   what   is   called   ;instinct;�察  �and   does   not   think   and 

reason�察�just as you and I think and reason�察�though of course not in words 

as you and I do�此      �then I shall be inclined to say that that person does not 

think nor reason either。 

     Then were there many coral´reefs in Britain in old times�拭�

     Yes�察�many and many�察�again and again�察�some whole ages older than this�察�

a bit of which you see�察�and some again whole ages newer。 But look�此                  �then 



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judge for yourself。       Look at this geological map。 Wherever you see a bit 

of blue�察�which is the mark for limestone�察�you may say�察 �There is a bit of 

old   coral´reef   rising   up   to   the   surface。; But   because   I   will   not   puzzle 

your little head with too many things at once�察�you shall look at one set of 

coral´reefs   which   are   far   newer   than   this   bit   of   Dudley   limestone�察  �and 

which are the largest�察�I suppose�察�that ever were in this country�察�or�察�at least�察�

there is more of them left than of any others。 

     Look first at Ireland。      You see that almost all the middle of Ireland is 

coloured   blue。     It   is   one   great   sheet   of   old  coral´reef   and  coral´mud�察�

which is now called the carboniferous limestone。 You see red and purple 

patches rising out of it�察�like islandsand islands I suppose they were�察�of 

hard and ancient rock�察�standing up in the middle of the coral sea。 

     But look again�察�and you will see that along the west coast of Ireland�察�

except in a very few places�察�like Galway Bay�察�the blue limestone does not 

come down to the sea�察�the shore is coloured purple and brown�察�and those 

colours mark the ancient rocks and high mountains of Mayo and Galway 

and Kerry�察�which stand as barriers to keep the raging surf of the Atlantic 

from bursting inland and beating away�察�as it surely would in course of time�察�

the low flat limestone plain of the middle of Ireland。             But the same coral´ 

reefs once stretched out far to the westward into the Atlantic Ocean�察�and 

you may see the proof upon that map。              For in the western bays�察�in Clew 

Bay with its hundred islands�察�and Galway Bay with its Isles of Arran�察�and 

beautiful Kenmare�察�and beautiful Bantry�察�you see little blue spots�察�which 

are low limestone islands�察�standing in the sea�察�overhung by mountains far 

aloft。 You have often heard those islands in Kenmare Bay talked of�察�and 

how some whom you know go to fish round them by night for turbot and 

conger�察�and when you hear them spoken of again�察�you must recollect that 

they are the last fragments of a great fringing coral´reef�察�which will in a 

few   thousand   years   follow   the   fate   of   the   rest�察  �and   be   eaten   up   by   the 

waves�察     �while   the   mountains      of   hard   rock    stand   round     them    still 

unchanged。 

     Now look at England�察�and there you will see patches at least of a great 

coral´reef which was forming at the same time as that Irish one�察�and on 

which perhaps some of your schoolfellows have often stood。                     You have 



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heard of St。 Vincent's Rocks at Bristol�察�and the marble cliffs�察�250 feet in 

height�察  �covered   in   part   with   rich   wood   and   rare   flowers�察  �and   the   Avon 

running through the narrow gorge�察�and the stately ships sailing far below 

your feet from Bristol to the Severn sea。              And you may see�察�for here they 

are�察 �corals   from  St。 Vincent's   Rocks�察 �cut   and   polished�察 �showing   too   that 

they also�察�like the Dudley limestone�察�are made up of corals and of coral´ 

mud。 Now�察�whenever you see St。 Vincent's Rocks�察�as I suspect you very 

soon     will�察 �recollect    where     you   are�察  �and   use   your    fancy�察  �to  paint   for 

yourself a picture as strange as it is true。           Fancy that those rocks are what 

they once were�察�a coral´reef close to the surface of a shallow sea。                     Fancy 

that   there   is   no   gorge   of   the Avon�察  �no   wide   Severn   seafor   those   were 

eaten out by water ages and ages afterwards。                  But picture to yourself the 

coral sea reaching away to the north�察�to the foot of the Welsh mountains�察�

and then fancy yourself�察�if you will�察�in a canoe�察�paddling up through the 

coral´   reefs�察  �north   and   still   north�察  �up   the   valley   down   which   the   Severn 

now     flows�察   �up   through    what    is  now    Worcestershire�察      �then   up   through 

Staffordshire�察�then through Derbyshire�察�into Yorkshire�察�and so on through 

Durham and Northumberland�察�till your find yourself stopped 

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