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land sunk inside�察�and when the island had sunk completely beneath the sea�察�
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what would be left�拭 �What must be left but a ring of coral reef�察�around
the spot where the last mountain peak of the island sank beneath the sea�拭─�
And so Mr。 Darwin explained the shapes of hundreds of coral islands in
the Pacific�察�and proved�察�too�察�some strange things besides ��he proved�察�and
other men�察 �like Mr。 Wallace�察 �whose excellent book on the East Indian
islands you must read some day�察�have proved in other ways�� that there was
once a great continent�察�joined perhaps to Australia and to New Guinea�察�in
the Pacific Ocean�察 �where is now nothing but deep sea�察 �and coral´reefs
which mark the mountain ranges of that sunken world。
But how does the coral ever rise above the surface of the water and
turn into hard stone�拭�
Of course the coral polypes cannot build above the high´tide mark�察�but
the surf which beats upon them piles up their broken fragments just as a
sea´beach is piled up�察�and hammers them together with that water hammer
which is heavier and stronger than any you have ever seen in a smith's
forge。 And then�察 �as is the fashion of lime�察 �the whole mass sets and
becomes hard�察�as you may see mortar set�察�and so you have a low island a
few feet above the sea。 Then sea´birds come to it�察�and rest and build�察�and
seeds are floated thither from far lands�察 �and among them almost always
the cocoa´ nut�察�which loves to grow by the sea´shore�察�and groves of cocoa
palms grow up upon the lonely isle。 Then�察�perhaps�察�trees and bushes are
drifted thither before the trade´wind�察�and entangled in their roots are seeds
of other plants�察�and eggs or cocoons of insects�察�and so a few flowers and a
few butterflies and beetles set up for themselves upon the new land。 And
then a bird or two�察�caught in a storm and blown away to sea finds shelter
in the cocoa´grove�察�and so a little new world is set up�察�in which ��you must
remember always�� there are no four´footed beasts�察�nor snakes�察�nor lizards�察�
nor frogs�察�nor any animals that cannot cross the sea。 And on some of those
islands they may live ��indeed there is reason to believe they have lived���察�so
long�察�that some of them have changed their forms�察�according to the laws of
Madam How�察�who sooner or later fits each thing exactly for the place in
which it is meant to live�察�till upon some of them you may find such strange
and unique creatures as the famous cocoa´nut crab�察�which learned men call
Birgus latro。 A great crab he is�察�who walks upon the tips of his toes a
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foot high above the ground。 And because he has often nothing to eat but
cocoa´nuts�察�or at least they are the best things he can find�察�cocoa´nuts he
has learned to eat�察�and after a fashion which it would puzzle you to imitate。
Some say that he climbs up the stems of the cocoa´nut trees�察�and pulls the
fruit down for himself�察�but that�察�it seems�察�he does not usually do。 What he
does is this�此 �when he finds a fallen cocoa´nut�察�he begins tearing away the
thick husk and fibre with his strong claws�察�and he knows perfectly well
which end to tear it from�察�namely�察�from the end where the three eye´holes
are�察�which you call the monkey's face�察�out of one of which you know�察�the
young cocoa´nut tree would burst forth。 And when he has got to the eye´
holes�察�he hammers through one of them with the point of his heavy claw。
So far�察�so good�此 �but how is he to get the meat out�拭 �He cannot put his
claw in。 He has no proboscis like a butterfly to insert and suck with。 He
is as far off from his dinner as the fox was when the stork offered him a
feast in a long´necked jar。 What then do you think he does�拭 �He turns
himself round�察�puts in a pair of his hind pincers�察�which are very slender�察�
and with them scoops the meat out of the cocoa´nut�察�and so puts his dinner
into his mouth with his hind feet。 And even the cocoa´nut husk he does
not waste�察�for he lives in deep burrows which he makes like a rabbit�察�and
being a luxurious crab�察�and liking to sleep soft in spite of his hard shell�察�he
lines them with a quantity of cocoa´nut fibre�察�picked out clean and fine�察�
just as if he was going to make cocoa´nut matting of it。 And being also a
clean crab�察�as I hope you are a clean little boy�察�he goes down to the sea
every night to have his bath and moisten his gills�察�and so lives happy all
his days�察�and gets so fat in his old age that he carries about his body nearly
a quart of pure oil。
That is the history of the cocoa´nut crab。 And if any one tells me that
that crab acts only on what is called ;instinct;�察 �and does not think and
reason�察�just as you and I think and reason�察�though of course not in words
as you and I do�此 �then I shall be inclined to say that that person does not
think nor reason either。
Then were there many coral´reefs in Britain in old times�拭�
Yes�察�many and many�察�again and again�察�some whole ages older than this�察�
a bit of which you see�察�and some again whole ages newer。 But look�此 �then
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judge for yourself。 Look at this geological map。 Wherever you see a bit
of blue�察�which is the mark for limestone�察�you may say�察 �There is a bit of
old coral´reef rising up to the surface。; But because I will not puzzle
your little head with too many things at once�察�you shall look at one set of
coral´reefs which are far newer than this bit of Dudley limestone�察 �and
which are the largest�察�I suppose�察�that ever were in this country�察�or�察�at least�察�
there is more of them left than of any others。
Look first at Ireland。 You see that almost all the middle of Ireland is
coloured blue。 It is one great sheet of old coral´reef and coral´mud�察�
which is now called the carboniferous limestone。 You see red and purple
patches rising out of it�察�like islandsand islands I suppose they were�察�of
hard and ancient rock�察�standing up in the middle of the coral sea。
But look again�察�and you will see that along the west coast of Ireland�察�
except in a very few places�察�like Galway Bay�察�the blue limestone does not
come down to the sea�察�the shore is coloured purple and brown�察�and those
colours mark the ancient rocks and high mountains of Mayo and Galway
and Kerry�察�which stand as barriers to keep the raging surf of the Atlantic
from bursting inland and beating away�察�as it surely would in course of time�察�
the low flat limestone plain of the middle of Ireland。 But the same coral´
reefs once stretched out far to the westward into the Atlantic Ocean�察�and
you may see the proof upon that map。 For in the western bays�察�in Clew
Bay with its hundred islands�察�and Galway Bay with its Isles of Arran�察�and
beautiful Kenmare�察�and beautiful Bantry�察�you see little blue spots�察�which
are low limestone islands�察�standing in the sea�察�overhung by mountains far
aloft。 You have often heard those islands in Kenmare Bay talked of�察�and
how some whom you know go to fish round them by night for turbot and
conger�察�and when you hear them spoken of again�察�you must recollect that
they are the last fragments of a great fringing coral´reef�察�which will in a
few thousand years follow the fate of the rest�察 �and be eaten up by the
waves�察 �while the mountains of hard rock stand round them still
unchanged。
Now look at England�察�and there you will see patches at least of a great
coral´reef which was forming at the same time as that Irish one�察�and on
which perhaps some of your schoolfellows have often stood。 You have
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heard of St。 Vincent's Rocks at Bristol�察�and the marble cliffs�察�250 feet in
height�察 �covered in part with rich wood and rare flowers�察 �and the Avon
running through the narrow gorge�察�and the stately ships sailing far below
your feet from Bristol to the Severn sea。 And you may see�察�for here they
are�察 �corals from St。 Vincent's Rocks�察 �cut and polished�察 �showing too that
they also�察�like the Dudley limestone�察�are made up of corals and of coral´
mud。 Now�察�whenever you see St。 Vincent's Rocks�察�as I suspect you very
soon will�察 �recollect where you are�察 �and use your fancy�察 �to paint for
yourself a picture as strange as it is true。 Fancy that those rocks are what
they once were�察�a coral´reef close to the surface of a shallow sea。 Fancy
that there is no gorge of the Avon�察 �no wide Severn seafor those were
eaten out by water ages and ages afterwards。 But picture to yourself the
coral sea reaching away to the north�察�to the foot of the Welsh mountains�察�
and then fancy yourself�察�if you will�察�in a canoe�察�paddling up through the
coral´ reefs�察 �north and still north�察 �up the valley down which the Severn
now flows�察 �up through what is now Worcestershire�察 �then up through
Staffordshire�察�then through Derbyshire�察�into Yorkshire�察�and so on through
Durham and Northumberland�察�till your find yourself stopped