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madam how and lady why(裟健繁才山溺平)-及31何蛍

弌傍�� madam how and lady why(裟健繁才山溺平) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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Staffordshire�察�then through Derbyshire�察�into Yorkshire�察�and so on through 

Durham and Northumberland�察�till your find yourself stopped by the Ettrick 

hills   in   Scotland�察  �while   all   to   the   westward   of   you�察  �where   is   now   the 

greater     part  of   England�察    �was    open    sea。   You     may    say�察  �if  you   know 

anything   of   the   geography  of   England�察  �Impossible�             �That   would   be   to 

paddle   over   the     tops   of   high  mountains�察  �over       the   top   of  the   Peak  in 

Derbyshire�察�over the top of High Craven and Whernside and   Pen´y´gent 

and   Cross   Fell�察  �and   to   paddle   too   over   the   Cheviot   Hills�察  �which   part 

England and Scotland。;            I know it�察�my child�察�I know it。             But so it was 

once   on   a   time。    The   high   limestone   mountains   which   part   Lancashire 

and Yorkshirethe very chine and backbone of Englandwere once coral´ 

reefs at the bottom of the sea。           They are all made up of the carboniferous 

limestone�察�so called�察�as your little knowledge of Latin ought to tell you�察�

because it carries the coal�察�because the coalfields usually lie upon it。                      It 

may   be   impossible   in   your   eyes�此     �but   remember   always   that   nothing   is 

impossible with God。 

     But   you   said   that   the   coal   was   made   from   plants   and   trees�察  �and   did 

plants and trees grow on this coral´reef�拭�



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     That I cannot say。      Trees may have grown on the dry parts of the reef�察�

as cocoa´nuts grow now in the Pacific。              But the coal was not laid down 

upon it till long afterwards�察�when it had gone through many and strange 

changes。      For all through the chine of England�察�and in a part of Ireland 

too�察 �there lies upon   the  top   of   the limestone  a  hard   gritty  rock�察 �in   some 

places three thousand feet thick�察�which is commonly called ;the mill´stone 

grit。;    And   above   that   again   the   coal   begins。  Now   to   make   that   3000 

feet of hard rock�察�what must have happened�拭              �The sea´bottom must have 

sunk�察�slowly no doubt�察�carrying the coral´reefs down with it�察�3000 feet at 

least。   And meanwhile sand and mud�察�made from the wearing away of the 

old   lands in   the   North   must   have   settled   down   upon   it。 I   say  from   the 

Northfor there are no fossils�察�as far as I know�察�or sign of life�察�in these 

rocks of mill´stone grit�察�and therefore it is reasonable to suppose that they 

were brought from a cold current at the Pole�察�too cold to allow sea´beasts 

to live��quite cold enough�察�certainly�察�to kill coral insects�察�who could only 

thrive in warm water coming from the South。 

     Then�察 �to go on   with   my  story�察 �upon   the top   of   these   mill´stone grits 

came sand and mud�察�and peat�察�and trees�察�and plants�察�washed out to sea�察�as 

far as we can guess�察�from the mouths of vast rivers flowing from the West�察�

rivers as vast as the Amazon�察�the Mississippi�察�or the Orinoco are now�察�and 

so in long ages�察�upon the top of the limestone and upon the top of the mill´ 

stone grit�察�were laid down those beds of coal which you see burnt now in 

every fire。 

     But how did the coral´reefs rise till they became cliffs at Bristol and 

mountains in Yorkshire�拭�

     The    earthquake     steam�察   �I  suppose�察   �raised   them。     One     earthquake 

indeed�察    �or  series   of  earthquakes�察     �there   was�察  �running    along    between 

Lancashire and Yorkshire�察�which made that vast crack and upheaval in the 

rocks�察�the Craven Fault�察�running�察�I believe�察�for more than a hundred miles�察�

and     lifting  the   rocks    in  some    places    several    hundred     feet。   That 

earthquake helped to make the high hills which overhang Manchester and 

Preston�察    �and    all   the   manufacturing       county    of   Lancashire。       That 

earthquake helped   to   make   the perpendicular cliff   at   Malham  Cove�察  �and 

many another beautiful bit of scenery。 And that and other earthquakes�察�by 



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heating the rocks from the fires below�察�may have helped to change them 

from soft coral into hard crystalline marble as you see them now�察�just as 

volcanic   heat   has   hardened   and   purified   the   beautiful   white   marbles   of 

Pentelicus and Paros in Greece�察�and Carrara in Italy�察�from which statues 

are carved unto this day。         Or the same earthquake may have heated and 

hardened the limestones simply by grinding and squeezing them�察�or they 

may have been heated and hardened in the course of long ages simply by 

the   weight   of   the   thousands   of   feet   of   other   rock   which   lay   upon   them。 

For pressure�察�you must remember�察�produces heat。                 When you strike flint 

and steel together�察�the pressure of the blow not only makes bits of steel fly 

off�察�but makes them fly off in red´hot sparks。            When you hammer a piece 

of iron with a hammer�察�you will soon find it get quite warm。                 When you 

squeeze the air together in your pop´gun�察�you actually make the air inside 

warmer�察�till the pellet flies out�察�and the air expands and cools again。             Nay�察�

I believe you cannot hold up a stone on the palm of your hand without that 

stone after a while warming your hand�察�because it presses against you in 

trying to fall�察�and you press against it in trying to hold it up。 And recollect 

above   all   the   great   and   beautiful   example   of   that   law   which   you   were 

lucky enough to see on the night of the 14th of November 1867�察�how those 

falling   stars�察  �as   I   told   you   then�察  �were   coming   out   of   boundless   space�察�

colder than any ice on earth�察�and   yet�察�simply by pressing against the   air 

above our heads�察�they had their motion turned into heat�察�till they burned 

themselves up into trains of fiery dust。           So remember that wherever you 

have pressure you have heat�察�and that the pressure of the upper rocks upon 

the lower is quite enough�察�some think�察�to account for the older and lower 

rocks being harder than the upper and newer ones。 

     But why should the lower rocks be older and the upper rocks newer�拭�

You told me just now that the high mountains in Wales were ages older 

than Windsor Forest�察�upon which we stand�此              �but yet how much lower we 

are here than if we were on a Welsh mountain。 

     Ah�察�my dear child�察�of course that puzzles you�察�and I am afraid it must 

puzzle you still till we have another talk�察�or rather it seems to me that the 

best way to explain that puzzle to you would be for you and me to go a 

journey into the far west�察�and look into the matter for ourselves�察�and from 



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                                MADAM HOW AND LADY WHY 



here to the far west we will go�察�either in fancy or on a real railroad and 

steamboat�察�before we have another talk about these things。 

     Now it is time to stop。        Is there anything more you want to know�拭�for 

you look as if something was puzzling you still。 

     Were there any men in the world while all this was going on�拭�

     I think not。     We have no proof that there were not�此            �but also we have 

no proof that there were�察�the cave´men�察�of whom I told you�察�lived many 

ages after the coal was covered up。            You seem to be sorry that there were 

no men in the world then。 

     Because it seems   a   pity  that   there   was no one   to   see those   beautiful 

coral´reefs and coal´forests。 

     No one to see them�察�my child�拭            �Who told you that�拭         �Who told you 

there are not�察�and never have been any rational beings in this vast universe�察�

save   certain   weak�察  �ignorant�察 �short´sighted   creatures   shaped   like   you   and 

me�拭    �But   even   if   it   were   so�察  �and   no   created   eye   had   ever   beheld   those 

ancient wonders�察�and no created heart ever enjoyed them�察�is there not one 

Uncreated   who   has   seen   them   and   enjoyed   them   from   the   beginning�拭�

Were not these creatures enjoying themselves each after their kind�拭                    �And 

was there not a Father in Heaven who was enjoying their enjoyment�察�and 

enjoying too their beauty�察�which He had formed according to the ideas of 

His   Eternal   Mind�拭     �Recollect   what   you   were   told   on   Trinity   Sunday 

That   this   world   was   not   made   for   man   alone�此    �but   that   man�察  �and   this 

world�察  �and   the   whole   Universe   was   made   for   God�察  �for   He   created   all 

things�察�and for His pleasure they are�察�and were created。 



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                               MADAM HOW AND LADY WHY 



                               CHAPTER X 



                                  FIELD AND WILD 



     Where were we to go next�拭          �Into the far west�察�to see how all the way 

along   the   railroads   the   new   rocks   and   soils   lie   above   the   older�察  �and   yet 

how�察�when we get westward�察�the oldest rocks rise highest into the air。 

     Well�察  �we   will   go�此 �but   not�察  �I   think�察  �to´day。 Indeed   I   hardly   know 

how we could get as far as Reading�察�for all the world is in the hay´field�察�

and even the old horse must go thither too�察�and take his turn at the hay´cart。 

Well�察�the rocks have been where they are for many a year�察�and they will 

wait our leisure patiently enough�此         �but Midsummer and the hay´field will 

not   wait。   Let   us   take   what   God   gives   when   He  sends   it�察  �and   learn   the 

lesson that lies nearest to us。       

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