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the american republic-及21何蛍

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 empire。

148 It is not pretended that the constitutions of states cannot be  altered�察�or that every people starts with a constitution fully  developed�察�as would seem to be the doctrine of De Maistre。  The  constitution of the family is rather economical than political�察 �and the tribe is far from being a fully developed state。   Strictly speaking�察�the state�察�the modern equivalent for the city  of the Greeks and Romans�察�was not fully formed till men began to  build and live in cities�察�and became fixed to a national  territory。  But in the first place�察�the eldest born of the human  race�察�we are told�察�built a city�察�and even in cities we find  traces of the family and tribal organization long after their  municipal existencein Athens down to the Macedonian conquest�察 �and in Rome down to the establishment of the Empire�察�and�察�in the  second place�察�the pastoral nations�察�though they have not  precisely the city or state organization�察�yet have a national  organization�察�and obey a national authority。  Strictly speaking�察 �no pastoral nation has a civil or political constitution�察�but  they have what in our modern tongues can be expressed by no other  term。  The feudal regime�察�which was in full vigor even in Europe  from the tenth to the close of the fourteenth century�察�had  nothing to do with cities�察�and really recognized no state 149                                                           proper�察 �yet who hesitates to speak of it as a civil or political system�察 �though a very imperfect one��

The civil order�察�as it now exists�察�was not fully developed in the  early ages。  For a long time the national organizations bore  unmistakable traces of having been developed from the patriarchal�察 �and modelled from the family or tribe�察�as they do still in all  the non´Christian world。  Religion itself�察�before the Incarnation�察 �bore traces of the same organization。  Even with the Jews�察 �religion was transmitted and disused�察�not as under Christianity  by conversion�察�but by natural generation or family adoption。   With all the Gentile tribes or nations�察�it was the same。  At  first the father was both priest and king�察�an when the two  offices were separated�察�the priests formed a distinct and  hereditary class or caste�察�rejected by Christianity�察�which�察�as we  have seen�察�admits priests only after the order of Melchisedech。   The Jews had the synagogue�察�and preserved the primitive  revelation in its purity and integrity�察�but the Greeks and  Romans�察�more fully than any other ancient nations�察�preserved or  developed the political order that best conforms to the Christian  religion�察�and Christianity�察�it is worthy of remark�察�followed in  the track of the Roman armies�察�and it gains  150                                             a permanent  establishment only where was planted�察�or where it is able to  plant�察�the Graeco´Roman civilization。  The Graeco´Roman republics  were hardly less a schoolmaster to bring the world to Christ in  the civil order�察�than the Jewish nation was to bring it to Him in  the spiritual order�察�or in faith and worship。  In the Christian  order nothing is by hereditary descent�察�but every thing is by  election of grace。  The Christian dispensation is teleological�察 �palingenesiac�察�and the whole order�察�prior to the Incarnation�察�was  initial�察�genesiac�察�and continued by natural generation�察�as it is  still in all nations and tribes outside of Christendom。  No  non´Christian people is a civilized people�察�and�察�indeed�察�the  human race seems not anywhere�察�prior to the Incarnation�察�to have  attained to its majority�此�and it is�察�perhaps�察�because the race  were not prepared for it�察�that the Word was not sooner incarnated。   He came only in the fulness of time�察�when the world was ready to  receive him。

The providential constitution is�察�in fact�察�that with which the  nation is born�察�and is�察�as long as the nation exists�察�the real  living and efficient constitution of the state。  It is the source  of the vitality of the state�察�that which controls or governs its  action�察�and determines its destiny。   151                                      The constitution which a  nation is said to give itself�察�is never the constitution of the  state�察�but is the law ordained by the state for the government  instituted under it。  Thomas Paine would admit nothing to be the  constitution but a written document which he could fold up and  put in his pocket�察�or file away in a pigeon´hole。  The Abbe  Sieyes pronounced politics a science which he had finished�察�and  he was ready to turn you out constitutions to order�察�with no  other defect than that they had�察�as Carlyle wittily says�察�no feet�察 �and could not go。  Many in the last century�察�and some�察�perhaps�察 �in the present�察�for folly as well as wisdom has her heirs�察 �confounded the written instrument with the constitution itself。   No constitution can be written on paper or engrossed on parchment。   What the convention may agree upon�察�draw up�察�and the people  ratify by their votes�察�is no constitution�察�for it is extrinsic to  the nation�察�not inherent and living in itis�察�at best�察 �legislative instead of constitutive。  The famous Magna Charta  drawn up by Cardinal Langton�察�and wrung from John Lackland by the  English barons at Runnymede�察�was no constitution of England till  long after the date of its concession�察�and even then was no  constitution of the state�察�but a set of restrictions on power。   The constitution is 152                     the intrinsic or inherent and actual  constitution of the people or political community itself�察�that  which makes the nation what it is�察�and distinguishes it from  every other nation�察�and varies as nations themselves vary from  one another。

The constitution of the state is not a theory�察�nor is it drawn up  and established in accordance with any preconceived theory。  What  is theoretic in a constitution is unreal。  The constitutions  conceived by philosophers in their closets are constitutions only  of Utopia or Dreamland。  This world is not governed by  abstractions�察�for abstractions are nullities。  Only the concrete  is real�察�and only the real or actual has vitality or force。  The  French people adopted constitution after constitution of the most  approved pattern�察�and amid bonfires�察�beating of drums�察�sound of  trumpets�察�roar of musketry�察�and thunder of artillery�察�swore�察�no  doubt�察�sincerely as well as enthusiastically�察�to observe them�察 �but all to no effect�察�for they had no authority for the nation�察 �no hold on its affections�察�and formed no element of its life。   The English are great constitution´mongersfor other nations。   They fancy that a constitution fashioned after their own will fit  any nation that can be persuaded�察�wheedled�察�or bullied into  153 trying it on�察�but�察�unhappily�察�all that have tried it on have  found it only an embarrassment or encumbrance。  The doctor might  as well attempt to give an individual a new constitution�察�or the  constitution of another man�察�as the statesman to give a nation  any other constitution than that which it has�察�and with which it  is born。

The whole history of Europe�察�since the fall of the Roman empire�察 �proves this thesis。  The barbarian conquest of Rome introduced  into the nations founded on the site of the empire�察�a double  constitutionthe barbaric and the civilthe Germanic and the  Roman in the West�察�and the Tartaric or Turkish and the  Graeco´Roman in the East。  The key to all modern history is in  the mutual struggles of these two constitutions and the interests  respectively associated with them�察�which created two societies on  the same territory�察�and�察�for the most part�察�under the same  national denomination。  The barbaric was the constitution of the  conquerors�察�they had the power�察�the government�察�rank�察�wealth�察�and  fashion�察�were reinforced down to the tenth century by fresh  hordes of barbarians�察�and had even brought the external  ecclesiastical society to a very great extent into harmony with  itself。  The Pope became a  154                            feudal sovereign�察�and the bishops and  mitred abbots feudal princes and barons。  Yet�察�after eight  hundred years of fierce struggle�察�the Roman constitution got the  upper hand�察�and the barbaric constitution�察�as far as it could not  be assimilated to the Roman�察�was eliminated。  The original Empire  of the West is now as thoroughly Roman in its constitution�察�its  laws�察�and its civilization�察�as it ever was under any of its  Christian emperors before the barbarian conquest。

The same process is going on in the East�察�though it has not  advanced so far�察�having begun there several centuries later�察�and  the Graeco´Roman constitution was far feebler there than in the  West at the epoch of the conquest。  The Germanic tribes that  conquered the West had long had close relations with the empire�察 �had served as its allies�察�and even in its armies�察�and were  partially Romanized。  Most of their chiefs had received a Roman  culture�察�and their early conversion to the Christian faith  facilitated the revival and permanence of the old Roman  constitution。  In the East it was different。  The conquerors had  no touch of Roman civilization�察�and�察�followers of the Prophet�察 �they were animated with an intense hatred�察�which�察�after the  conquest�察�was changed into a superb contempt�察�155                                               of Christians and  Romans。  They had their civil constitution in the Koran�察�and the  Koran�察�in its principles�察�doctrines�察�and spirit�察�is exclusive and  profoundly intolerant。  The Graeco´Roman constitution was always  much weaker in the East�察�and had far greater obstacles to  overcome there than in the West�察�yet it has survived the shock of  the conquest。  Throughout the limits of the ancient Empire of the  East�察�the barbaric constitution has received and is daily  receiving rude blows�察�and�察�but as reenforced by barbarians lying  outside of the boundaries of that empire�察�would be no longer able  to sustain itself。  The Greek or Christian populations of the  empire are no longer in danger of being exterminated or absorbed  by the Mohammedan state or population。  They are the only living  and progressive people of the Ottoman Empire�察�and their complete  success in absorbing or expelling the Turk is only a question of  time。  They will�察�in all present probability�察�reestablish a  Christian and Roman E

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