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the american republic-及22何蛍

弌傍�� the american republic 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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ly a question of  time。  They will�察�in all present probability�察�reestablish a  Christian and Roman East in much less time from the fall of  Constantinople in 1453�察�than it took the West from the fall of  Rome in 476 to put an end to the feudal or barbaric constitution  founded by its Germanic invaders。

Indeed�察�the Roman constitution�察�laws�察�and 156                                           civilization not only  gain the mastery in the nations seated within the limits of the  old Roman Empire�察�but extend their power through out the whole  civilized world。  The Graeco´Roman civilization is�察�in fact�察�the  only civilization now recognized�察�and nations are accounted  civilized only in proportion as they are Romanized and  Christianized。  The Roman law�察�as found in the Institutes�察 �Pandects�察�and Novellae of Justinian�察�or the Corpus Legis Civilis�察 �is the basis of the law and jurisprudence of all Christendom。   The Graeco´Roman civilization�察�called not improperly Christian  civilization�察�is the only progressive civilization。  The old  feudal system remains in England little more than an empty name。   The king is only the first magistrate of the kingdom�察�and the  House of Lords is only an hereditary senate。  Austria is hard at  work in the Roman direction�察�and finds her chief obstacle to  success in Hungary�察�with the Magyars whose feudalism retains  almost the full vigor of the Middle Ages。  Russia is moving in  the same direction�察�and Prussia and the smaller Germanic states  obey the same impulse。  Indeed�察�Rome has survived the  conquesthas conquered her conquerors�察�and now invades every  region from which they came。  The Roman Empire may be said to be  acknowledged 157              and obeyed in lands lying far beyond the farthest  limits reached by the Roman eagles�察�and to be more truly the  mistress of the world than under Augustus�察�Trajan�察�or the  Antonines。  Nothing can stand before the Christian and Romanized  nations�察�and all pagandom and Mohammedom combined are too weak to  resist their onward march。

All modern European revolutions result only in reviving the Roman  Empire�察�whatever the motives�察�interests�察�passions�察�or theories  that initiate them。  The French Revolution of the last century  and that of the present prove it。  France�察�let people say what  they will�察�stands at the head of the European civilized world�察 �and displays en grand all its good and all its bad tendencies。   When she moves�察�Europe moves�察�when she has a vertigo�察�all  European nations are dizzy�察�when she recovers her health�察�her  equilibrium�察�and good sense�察�others become sedate�察�steady�察�and  reasonable。  She is the head�察�nay�察�rather�察�the heart of  Christendomthe head is at Romethrough which circulates the  pure and impure blood of the nations。  It is in vain Great  Britain�察�Germany�察�or Russia disputes with her the hegemony of  European civilization。  They are forced to yield to her at last�察 �to be content to revolve around her as 158                                        the centre of the  political system that masters them。  The reason is�察�France is  more completely and sincerely Roman than any other nation。  The  revolutions that have shaken the world have resulted in  eliminating the barbaric elements she had retained�察�and clearing  away all obstacles to the complete triumph of Imperial Rome。   Napoleon III。 is for France what Augustus was for Rome。  The  revolutions in Spain and Italy have only swept away the relics of  the barbaric constitution�察�and aided the revival of Roman  imperialism。  In no country do the revolutionists succeed in  establishing their own theories�察�Caesar remains master of the  field。  Even in the United States�察�a revolution undertaken in  favor of the barbaric system has resulted in the destruction of  what remained of that systemin sweeping away the last relics of  disintegrating feudalism�察�and in the complete establishment of  the Graeco´Roman system�察�with important improvements�察�in the New  World。

The Roman system is republican�察�in the broad sense of the term�察 �because under it power is never an estate�察�never the private  for the public good。  As it existed under the Caesars�察�and is  revived in modern times�察�whether under the 159                                            imperial or the  democratic form�察�it�察�no doubt�察�tends to centralism�察�to the  concentration of all the powers and forces of the state in one  central government�察�from which all local authorities and  institutions emanate。  Wise men oppose it as affording no  guaranties to individual liberty against the abuses of power。   This it may not do�察�but the remedy is not in feudalism。  The  feudal lord holds his authority as an estate�察�and has over the  people under him all the power of Caesar and all the rights of  the proprietor。  He�察�indeed�察�has a guaranty against his  liege´lord�察�sometimes a more effective guaranty than his  liege´lord has against him�察�but against his centralized power his  vassals and serfs have only the guaranty that a slave has against  his owner。

Feudalism is alike hostile to the freedom of public authority and  of the people。  It is essentially a disintegrating element in the  nation。  It breaks the unity and individuality of the state�察 �embarrasses the sovereign�察�and guards against the abuse of public  authority by overpowering and suppressing it。  Every feudal lord  is a more thorough despot in his own domain than Caesar ever was  or could be in the empire�察�and the monarch�察�even if strong enough�察 �is yet not competent to intervene between him and his  160                                                       people�察�any  more than the General government in the United States was to  intervene between the negro slave and his master。  The great  vassals of the crown singly�察�or�察�if not singly�察�in  combinationand they could always combine in the interest of  their orderwere too strong for the king�察�or to be brought under  any public authority�察�and could issue from their fortified  castles and rob and plunder to their hearts' content�察�with none  to call them to an account。  Under the most thoroughly  centralized government there is far more liberty for the people�察 �and a far greater security for person and property�察�except in the  case of the feudal nobles themselves�察�than was even dreamed of  while the feudal regime was in full vigor。  Nobles were  themselves free�察�it is conceded�察�but not the people。  The king  was too weak�察�too restricted in his action by the feudal  constitution to reach them�察�and the higher clergy were ex officio  sovereigns�察�princes�察�barons�察�or feudal lords�察�and were led by  their private interests to act with the feudal nobility�察�save  when that nobility threatened the temporalities of the church。   The only reliance�察�under God�察�left in feudal times to the poor  people was in the lower ranks of the clergy�察�especially of the  regular clergy。  All the great German emperors in the twelfth and 161 thirteenth centuries�察�who saw the evils of feudalism�察�and  attempted to break it up and revive imperial Rome�察�became  involved in quarrels with the chiefs of the religious society�察 �and failed�察�because the interest of the Popes�察�as feudal  sovereigns and Italian princes�察�and the interests of the  dignified clergy�察�were for the time bound up with the feudal  society�察�though their Roman culture and civilization made them at  heart hostile to it。  The student of history�察�however strong his  filial affection towards the visible head of the church�察�cannot  help admiring the grandeur of the political views of Frederic the  Second�察�the greatest and last of the Hohenstaufen�察�or refrain  from dropping a tear over his sad failure。  He had great faults  as a man�察�but he had rare genius as a statesman�察�and it is some  consolation to know that he died a Christian death�察�in charity  with all men�察�after having received the last sacraments of his  religion。

The Popes�察�under the circumstances�察�were no doubt justified in  the policy they pursued�察�for the Swabian emperors failed to  respect the acknowledged rights of the church�察�and to remember  their own incompetency in spirituals�察�but evidently their  political views and aims were liberal�察�far´reaching�察�and worthy  of admiration。 162                 Their success�察�if it could have been effected  without lesion to the church�察�would have set Europe forward some  two or three hundred years�察�and probably saved it from the  schisms of the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries。  But it is  easy to be wise after the event。  The fact is�察�that during the  period when feudalism was in full vigor�察�the king was merely a  shadow�察�the people found their only consolation in religion�察�and  their chief protectors in the monks�察�who mingled with them�察�saw  their sufferings�察�and sympathized with them�察�consoled them�察 �carried their cause to the castle before the feudal lord and  lady�察�and did�察�thank God�察�do something to keep alive religious  sentiments and convictions in the bosom of the feudal society  itself。  Whatever opinions may be formed of the monastic orders  in relation to the present�察�this much is certain�察�that they were  the chief civilizers of Europe�察�and the chief agents in  delivering European society from feudal barbarism。

The aristocracy have been claimed as the natural allies of the  throne�察�but history proves them to be its natural enemies�察 �whenever it cannot be used in their service�察�and kings do not  consent to be their ministers and to do their bidding。  A  political aristocracy has at heart 163                                    only the interests of its  order�察�and pursues no line of policy but the extension or  preservation of its privileges。  Having little to gain and much  to lose�察�it opposes every political change that would either  strengthen the crown or elevate the people。  The nobility in the  French Revolution were the first to desert both the king and the  kingdom�察�and kings have always found their readiest and firmest  allies in the people。  The people in Europe have no such bitter  feelings towards royalty as they have towards the feudal  nobilityfor kings have never so grievously oppressed them。  In  Rome the patrician order opposed alike the emperor and the  people�察�except when they�察�as chivalric nobles sometimes will do�察 �turned courtiers or demagogues。  They were the people of Rom

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