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the american republic-及6何蛍

弌傍�� the american republic 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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triarchal�察 �the tribal�察�and the Asiatic monarchical systems�察�there is�察 �properly speaking�察�no state�察�no citizens�察�and the organization is  economical rather than political。  Authorityeven the nation  itselfis personal�察�not territorial。  The patriarch�察�the chief  of the tribe�察�or the king�察�is the only proprietor。  Under the  Graeco´Roman system all this is transformed。  The nation is  territorial as well as personal�察�and the real proprietor is the  city or state。  Under the Empire�察�no doubt�察�what lawyers call the  eminent domain was vested in the emperor�察�but only as the  representative and trustee of the city or state。

When or by what combination of events this transformation was  effected�察�history does not inform us。  The first´born of Adam�察�we  are told�察�built a city�察�and called it after his son 31                                                     Enoch�察�but  there is no evidence that it was constituted a municipality。  The  earliest traces of the civil order proper are found in the Greek  and Italian republics�察�and its fullest and grandest developments  are found in Rome�察�imperial as well as republican。  It was no  doubt preceded by the patriarchal system�察�and was historically  developed from it�察�but by way of accretion rather than by simple  explication。  It has in it an element that�察�if it exists in the  patriarchal constitution�察�exists there only in a different form�察 �and the transformation marks the passage from the economical  order to the political�察�from the barbaric to the civil  constitution of society�察�or from barbarism to civilization。

The word civilization stands opposed to barbarism�察�and is derived  from civitascity or state。  The Greeks and Romans call all  tribes and nations in which authority is vested in the chief�察�as  distinguished from the state�察�barbarians。  The origin of the word  barbarian�察�barbarus�察�or 。。。。。。。。�察�is unknown�察�and its primary  sense can be only conjectured。  Webster regards its primary sense  as foreign�察�wild�察�fierce�察�but this could not have been its  original sense�察�for the Greeks and Romans never termed all  foreigners barbarians�察�and they applied the 32                                             term to nations that  had no inconsiderable culture and refinement of manners�察�and that  had made respectable progress in art and sciencesthe Indians�察 �Persians�察�Medians�察�Chaldeans�察�and Assyrians。  They applied the  term evidently in a political�察�not an ethical or an aesthetical  sense�察�and as it would seem to designate a social order in which  the state was not developed�察�and in which the nation was personal�察 �not territorial�察�and authority was held as a private right�察�not  as a public trust�察�or in which the domain vests in the chief or  tribe�察�and not in the state�察�for they never term any others  barbarians。

Republic is opposed not to monarchy�察�in the modern European  sense�察�but to monarchy in the ancient or absolute sense。   Lacedaemon had kings�察�yet it was no less republican than Athens�察 �and Rome was called and was a republic under the emperors no less  than under the consuls。  Republic�察�respublica�察�by the very force  of the term�察�means the public wealth�察�or�察�in good English�察�the  commonwealth�察�that is�察�government founded not on personal or  private wealth�察�but on the public wealth�察�public territory�察�or  domain�察�or a Government that vests authority in the nation�察�and  attaches the nation to a certain definite territory。  France�察 �Spain�察�Italy�察�Holland�察�Belgium�察�Denmark�察�even Great 33                                                     Britain in  substance though not in form�察�are all�察�in the strictest sense of  the word�察�republican states�察�for the king or emperor does not  govern in his own private right�察�but solely as representative of  the power and majesty of the state。  The distinctive mark of  republicanism is the substitution of the state for the personal  chief�察�and public authority for personal or private right。   Republicanism is really civilization as opposed to barbarism�察�and  all civility�察�in the old Sense of the word�察�or Civilian in  Italian�察�is republican�察�and is applied in modern tiles to  breeding or refinement of manners�察�simply because these are  characteristics of a republican�察�or polished ��from 。。。。。�察�city�А �people。  Every people that has a real civil order�察�or a fully  developed state or polity�察�is a republican people�察�and hence the  church and her great doctors when they speak of the state as  distinguished from the church�察�call it the republic�察�as may be  seen by consulting even a late Encyclical of Pius IX。�察�which some  have interpreted wrongly in an anti´republican sense。

All tribes and nations in which the patriarchal system remains�察 �or is developed without transformation�察�are barbaric�察�and really  so regarded by all Christendom。  In civilized nations the  patriarchal authority is transformed into 34                                           that of the city or  state�察�that is�察�of the republic�察�but in all barbarous nations it  retains its Private and personal character。  The nation is only  the family or tribe�察�and is called by the name of its ancestor�察 �founder�察�or chief�察�not by a geographical denomination。  Race has  not been supplanted by country�察�they are a people�察�not a state。   They are not fixed to the soil�察�and though we may find in them  ardent love of family�察�the tribe�察�or the chief�察�we never find  among them that pure love of country or patriotism which so  distinguished the Greeks and Romans�察�and is no less marked among  modern Christian nations。  They have a family�察�a race�察�a chief or  king�察�but no patria�察�or country。  The barbarians who overthrew  the Roman Empire�察�whether of the West or the East�察�were nations�察 �or confederacies of nations�察�but not states。  The nation with  them was personal�察�not territorial。  Their country was wherever  they fed their flocks and herds�察�pitched their tents�察�and  encamped for the night。  There were Germans�察�but no German state�察 �and even to´day the German finds his ;father´land; wherever the  German speech is spoken。  The Polish�察�Sclavonian�察�Hungarian�察 �Illyrian�察�Italian�察�and other provinces held by German states�察�in  which the German language is not the mother´tongue�察�are excluded  from 35      the Germanic Confederation。  The Turks�察�or Osmanlis�察�are a  race�察�not a state�察�and are encamped�察�not settled�察�on the site of  the Eastern Roman or Greek Empire。

Even when the barbaric nations have ceased to be nomadic�察 �pastoral�察�or predatory nations�察�as the ancient Assyrians and  Persians or modern Chinese�察�and have their geographical  boundaries�察�they have still no state�察�no country。  The nation  defines the boundaries�察�not the boundaries the nation。  The  nation does not belong to the territory�察�but the territory to the  nation or its chief。  The Irish and Anglo´Saxons�察�in former  times�察�held the land in gavelkind�察�and the territory belonged to  the tribe or sept�察�but if the tribe held it as indivisible�察�they  still held it as private property。  The shah of Persia holds the  whole Persian territory as private property�察�and the landholders  among his subjects are held to be his tenants。  They hold it from  him�察�not from the Persian state。

The public domain of the Greek empire is in theory the private  domain of the Ottoman emperor or Turkish sultan。  There is in  barbaric states no republic�察�no commonwealth�察�authority is  parental�察�without being tempered by parental affection。  The  chief is a despot�察�and rules with the united authority of the 36 father and the harshness of the proprietor。  He owns the land and  his subjects。

Feudalism�察�established in Western Europe after the downfall of  the Roman Empire�察�however modified by the Church and by  reminiscences of Graeco´Roman civilization retained by the  conquered�察�was a barbaric constitution。  The feudal monarch�察�as  far as he governed at all�察�governed as proprietor or landholder�察 �not as the representative of the commonwealth。  Under feudalism  there are estates�察�but no state。  The king governs as an estate�察 �the nobles hold their power as an estate�察�and the commons are  represented as an estate。  The whole theory of power is�察�that it  is an estate�察�a private right�察�not a public trust。  It is not  without reason�察�then that the common sense of civilized nations  terms the ages when it prevailed in Western Europe barbarous ages。

It may seem a paradox to class democracy with the barbaric  constitutions�察�and yet as it is defended by many stanch  democrats�察�especially European democrats and revolutionists�察�and  by French and Germans settled in our own country�察�it is  essentially barbaric and anti´republican。  The characteristic  principle of barbarism is�察�that power is a private or personal  right�察�and when democrats assert that the elective fran´ 37                                                        chise is a  natural right of man�察�or that it is held by virtue of the fact  that the elector is a man�察�they assert the fundamental principle  of barbarism and despotism。  This says nothing in favor of  restricted suffrage�察�or against what is called universal suffrage。   To restrict suffrage to property´holders helps nothing�察 �theoretically or practically。  Property has of itself advantages  enough�察�without clothing its holders with exclusive political  rights and privileges�察�and the laboring classes any day are as  trustworthy as the business classes。  The wise statesman will  never restrict suffrage�察�or exclude the poorer and more numerous  classes from all voice in the government of their country。   General suffrage is wise�察�and if Louis Philippe had had the sense  to adopt it�察�and thus rally the whole nation to the support of  his government�察�he would never have had to encounter the  revolution of 1848。  The barbarism�察�the despotism�察�is not in  universal suffrage�察�but in defending the elective franchise as a  private or personal right。  It is not a private�察�but a political  right�察�and�察�like all political rights�察�a public trust。  Extremes  meet�察�and thus it is that men who imagine that they march at the  head of the human race and lead the civilization of the age�察�are  really in principle retrograding to the 38                                         barbarism of the past�察�or  taking their place with nations on whom the light of civilization  has never yet dawned。 

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