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an account of egypt(娃式芝)-及11何蛍

弌傍�� an account of egypt(娃式芝) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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causes   also   the   most   healthy   of   all   men   next   after   the   Libyans   ��in   my 

opinion on account of the seasons�察�because the seasons do not change�察�for 

by the changes of things generally�察�and especially of the seasons�察�diseases 

are most apt to be produced in men���察�and as to their diet�察�it is as follows�此�

they   eat   bread�察  �making   loaves   of   maize�察  �which   they   call   /kyllestis/�察  �and 

they use habitually a wine made out of barley�察�for vines they have not in 

their land。 Of their fish some they dry in the sun and then eat them without 

cooking�察�others they eat cured in brine。 Of birds they eat quails and ducks 

and   small   birds   without   cooking�察  �after   first   curing   them�察  �and   everything 

else which they have belonging to the class of birds or fishes�察�except such 

as have been set apart by them as sacred�察�they eat roasted or boiled。 In the 

entertainments of the rich among them�察�when they have finished eating�察�a 

man bears round a wooden figure of a dead body in a coffin�察�made as like 

the reality as may be both by painting and carving�察�and measuring about a 

cubit or two cubits each way�察�and this he shows to each of those who are 

drinking   together�察  �saying�此   �When   thou   lookest   upon   this�察  �drink   and   be 

merry�察�for thou shalt be such as this when thou art dead。; Thus they do at 

their   carousals。   The   customs   which   they   practise   are   derived   from   their 

fathers    and    they   do   not   acquire    others   in  addition�察   �but   besides    other 

customary things among them which are worthy of mention�察�they have one 

song�察  �that   of   Linos�察  �the   same   who   is   sung   of   both   in   Phenicia   and   in 

Cyprus and elsewhere�察�having however a name different according to the 

various   nations。   This   song   agrees   exactly   with   that   which   the   Hellenes 

sing calling on the name of Linos�察�so that besides many other things about 

which   I   wonder   among   those   matters   which   concern   Egypt�察  �I   wonder 

especially   about   this�察  �namely   whence   they   got   the   song   of   Linos。   It   is 

evident however that they have sung this song from immemorial time�察�and 

in   the   Egyptian   tongue   Linos   is   called   Maneros。 The   Egyptians   told   me 

that he was the only son of him who first became king of Egypt�察�and that 

he died before his time and was honoured with these lamentations by the 

Egyptians�察�and that this was their first and only song。 In another respect 

the   Egyptians   are   in   agreement   with some   of   the   Hellenes�察�namely   with 

the   Lacedemonians�察  �but   not   with   the   rest�察  �that   is   to   say�察  �the   younger   of 

them when they meet the elder give way and move out of the path�察�and 



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when   their   elders     approach�察  �they   rise   out   of   their   seat。  In   this  which 

follows   however   they   are   not   in   agreement   with   any   of   the   Hellenes�察�

instead of addressing one another in the roads they do reverence�察�lowering 

their hand down to their knee。 They wear tunics of linen about their legs 

with fringes�察�which they call /calasiris/�察�above these they have garments of 

white wool thrown over�此�woolen garments however are not taken into the 

temples�察�nor are they buried with them�察�for this is not permitted by religion。 

In these points they are in agreement with the observances called Orphic 

and    Bacchic     ��which     are  really   Egyptian���察    �and    also  with    those   of  the 

Pythagoreans�察�for one who takes part in these mysteries is also forbidden 

by religious rule to be buried in woolen garments�察�and about this there is a 

sacred story told。 

     Besides   these   things   the   Egyptians   have   found   out   also   to   what   god 

each month and each day belongs�察�and what fortunes a man will meet with 

who is born on any particular day�察�and how he will die�察�and what kind of a 

man   he     will  be�此  �and   these   inventions   were      taken   up   by   those   of  the 

Hellenes   who   occupied   themselves   about   poesy。   Portents   too   have   been 

found out by them more than by all other men besides�察�for when a portent 

has happened�察�they observe and write down the event which comes of it�察�

and if ever afterwards anything resembling this happens�察�they believe that 

the   event   which   comes   of   it   will   be   similar。   Their   divination   is   ordered 

thus��the   art   is   assigned   not   to   any   man   but   to   certain   of   the   gods�察  �for 

there    are   in  their  land   Oracles    of   Heracles�察   �of   Apollo�察   �of  Athene�察    �of 

Artemis�察�or Ares�察�and of Zeus�察�and moreover that which they hold most in 

honour of all�察�namely the Oracle of Leto which is in the city of Buto。 The 

manner of divination however is not established among them according to 

the same fashion everywhere�察�but is different in different places。 The art of 

medicine among them is distributed thus��each physician is a physician of 

one disease and of no more�察�and the whole country is full of physicians�察�

for   some   profess   themselves   to   be   physicians   of   the   eyes�察  �others   of   the 

head�察  �others   of   the   teeth�察  �others   of   the   affections   of   the   stomach�察  �and 

others of the more obscure ailments。 

     Their   fashions   of   mourning   and   of   burial   are   these��Whenever   any 

household has lost a man who is of any regard amongst them�察�the whole 



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number of women of that house forthwith plaster over their heads or even 

their   faces   with   mud。 Then   leaving   the   corpse   within   the   house   they   go 

themselves      to  and    fro  about   the   city  and   beat   themselves�察    �with   their 

garments bound up by a girdle and their breasts exposed�察�and with them go 

all the women who are related to the dead man�察�and on the other side the 

men beat themselves�察�they too having their garments bound up by a girdle�察�

and     when    they   have    done    this�察 �they    then   convey     the   body    to  the 

embalming。        In   this   occupation      certain    persons    employ      themselves 

regularly and inherit this as a craft。 These�察�whenever a corpse is conveyed 

to them�察 �show  to those   who   brought it   wooden   models   of   corpses   made 

like reality by painting�察�and the best of the ways of embalming they say is 

that of him whose name I think it impiety to mention when speaking of a 

matter of such a kind�察�the second which they show is less good than this 

and also less expensive�察�and the third is the least expensive of all。 Having 

told them  about   this�察 �they  inquire   of them  in   which   way  they  desire the 

corpse of their friend to be prepared。 Then they after they have agreed for 

a certain price depart out of the way�察�and the others being left behind in the 

buildings embalm according to the best of these ways thus��First with the 

crooked iron tool they draw out the brain through the nostrils�察�extracting it 

partly thus and partly by pouring in drugs�察�and after this with a sharp stone 

of Ethiopia they make a cut along the side and take out the whole contents 

of   the   belly�察  �and   when   they   have   cleared   out   the   cavity   and   cleansed   it 

with palm´wine they cleanse it again with spices pounded up�此�then they fill 

the   belly   with   pure   myrrh   pounded   up   and   with   cassia   and   other   spices 

except frankincense�察�and sew it together again。 Having so done they keep 

it for embalming covered up in natron for seventy days�察�but for a longer 

time than this it is not permitted to embalm it�察�and when the seventy days 

are past�察�they wash the corpse and roll its whole body up in fine linen cut 

into   bands�察  �smearing   these   beneath   with   gum�察  �which   the   Egyptians   use 

generally instead of glue。 Then the kinsfolk receive it from them and have 

a wooden figure made in the shape of a man�察�and when they have had this 

made they enclose the corpse�察�and having shut it up within�察�they store it 

then in a sepulchral chamber�察�setting it to stand upright against the wall。 

Thus they deal with the corpses which are prepared in the most costly way�察�



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but for those who desire the middle way and wish to avoid great cost they 

prepare   the   corpse   as   follows�此  �having   filled   their   syringes   with   the   oil 

which is got from cedar´ wood�察�with this they forthwith fill the belly of the 

corpse�察�and this they do without having either cut it open or taken out the 

bowels�察  �but   they   inject   the   oil   by   the   breech�察  �and   having   stopped   the 

drench from returning back they keep it then the appointed number of days 

for embalming�察�and on the last of the days they let the cedar oil come out 

from   the   belly�察  �which   they   before   put   in�察  �and   it   has   such   power   that   it 

brings   out   with   it   the   bowels   and   interior   organs   of   the   body   dissolved�察�

and the natron dissolves the flesh�察�so that there is left of the corpse only 

the   skin   and   the   bones。   When   they   have   done   this   they   give   back   the 

corpse at once in   that condition   without working   upon it   any  more。 The 

third kind of embalming�察�by which are prepared the bodies of those who 

have less means�察�is as follows��they cleanse out the belly with a purge and 

then keep the body  for embalming during the seventy days�察�and at once 

after that they give it back to the bringers to carry away。 The wives of men 

of   rank   when   th

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