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an account of egypt(娃式芝)-及12何蛍

弌傍�� an account of egypt(娃式芝) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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of   rank   when   they   die   are   not   given   at   once   to   be   embalmed�察  �nor   such 

women as are very beautiful or of greater regard than others�察�but on the 

third or fourth day after their death ��and not before�� they are delivered to 

the embalmers。 They do so about this matter in order that the embalmers 

may not abuse their women�察�for they say that one of them was taken once 

doing so to the corpse of a woman lately dead�察�and his fellow´craftsman 

gave information。 Whenever any one�察�either of the Egyptians themselves 

or of strangers�察�is found to have been carried off by a crocodile or brought 

to his   death by  the   river   itself�察 �the   people   of   any  city  by  which   he   may 

have been cast up on land must embalm him and lay him out in the fairest 

way they can and bury him in a sacred burial´place�察�nor may any of his 

relations     or  friends    besides    touch    him�察   �but   the   priests   of   the  Nile 

themselves       handle    the   corpse    and   bury    it  as  that   of  one    who    was 

something more than man。 

     Hellenic usages they will by no means follow�察�and to speak generally 

they follow those of no other men whatever。 This rule is observed by most 

of the Egyptians�察�but there is a large city named Chemmis in the Theban 

district near Neapolis�察�and in this city there is a temple of Perseus the son 



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of Danae which is of a square shape�察�and round it grow date´palms�此�the 

gateway of the temple is built of stone and of very great size�察�and at the 

entrance of it stand two great statues of stone。 Within this enclosure is a 

temple´house       and   in  it  stands   an  image     of  Perseus。    These   people    of 

Chemmis say that Perseus is wont often to appear in their land and often 

within the temple�察�and that a sandal which has been worn by him is found 

sometimes�察  �being   in   length   two   cubits�察  �and   whenever   this   appears        all 

Egypt   prospers。   This   they   say�察  �and   they   do   in   honour   of   Perseus   after 

Hellenic fashion thus�察�they hold an athletic contest�察�which includes the 

whole list of games�察�and they offer in prizes cattle and cloaks and skins�此�

and when I inquired why to them alone Perseus was wont to appear�察�and 

wherefore   they  were   separated   from  all   the   other   Egyptians   in   that   they 

held an athletic contest�察�they said that Perseus had been born of their city�察�

for Danaos and Lynkeus were men of Chemmis and had sailed to Hellas�察�

and from them they traced a descent and came down to Perseus�此�and they 

told me that he had come to Egypt for the reason which the Hellenes also 

say�察�namely to bring from Libya the Gorgon's head�察�and had then visited 

them also and recognised all his kinsfolk�察�and they said that he had well 

learnt the name of Chemmis before he came to Egypt�察�since he had heard 

it from his mother�察�and that they celebrated an athletic contest for him by 

his own command。 

     All these are customs practised by the Egyptians who dwell above the 

fens�此�and those who are settled in the fenland have the same customs for 

the most part as the other Egyptians�察�both in other matters and also in that 

they live each with one wife only�察�as do the Hellenes�察�but for economy in 

respect of   food they  have  invented   these  things besides��when   the  river 

has become full and the plains have been flooded�察�there grow in the water 

great   numbers   of   lilies�察  �which   the   Egyptians   call   /lotos/�察  �these   they   cut 

with a sickle and dry in the sun�察�and then they pound that which grows in 

the   middle of   the   lotos   and   which   is   like   the   head   of   a poppy�察 �and   they 

make of it loaves baked with fire。 The root also of this lotos is edible and 

has a rather sweet taste�此�it is round in shape and about the size of an apple。 

There are other lilies too�察�in flower resembling roses�察�which also grow in 

the    river�察 �and   from    them    the  fruit  is  produced     in  a   separate   vessel 



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springing   from   the   root   by   the   side   of   the   plant   itself�察  �and   very   nearly 

resembles a wasp's comb�此�in this there grow edible seeds in great numbers 

of   the   size   of   an   olive´stone�察  �and   they   are   eaten   either   fresh   or   dried。 

Besides   this   they   pull   up   from   the   fens   the   papyrus   which   grows   every 

year�察�and the upper parts of it they cut off and turn to other uses�察�but that 

which is left below for about a cubit in length they eat or sell�此�and those 

who desire to have the papyrus at its very best bake it in an oven heated 

red´hot�察�and then eat it。 Some too of these people live on fish alone�察�which 

they dry in the sun after having caught them and taken out the entrails�察�and 

then when they are dry�察�they use them for food。 

     Fish which swim in shoals are not much produced in the rivers�察�but are 

bred in the lakes�察�and they do as follows��When there comes upon them 

the desire to breed�察�they swim out in shoals towards the sea�察�and the males 

lead   the   way   shedding   forth   their   milt   as   they   go�察  �while   the   females�察�

coming after and swallowing it up�察�from it become impregnated�此�and when 

they have become full of young in the sea they swim up back again�察�each 

shoal   to   its   own   haunts。   The   same   however   no   longer   lead   the   way   as 

before�察�but the lead comes now to the females�察�and they leading the way in 

shoals do just as the males did�察�that is to say they shed forth their eggs by a 

few grains at a time�察�and the males coming after swallow them up。 Now 

these    grains    are  fish�察 �and   from   the    grains   which    survive    and    are  not 

swallowed�察�the fish grow which afterwards are bred up。 Now those of the 

fish which are caught   as they swim  out towards the sea   are found to   be 

rubbed   on   the   left   side   of   the   head�察  �but   those   which   are   caught   as   they 

swim up again are rubbed on the right side。 This happens to them because 

as they swim down to the sea they keep close to the land on the left side of 

the    river�察 �and    again    as  they    swim    up   they    keep    to  the   same    side�察�

approaching and touching the bank as much as they can�察�for fear doubtless 

of   straying   from   their   course   by   reason   of   the   stream。   When   the   Nile 

begins to swell�察�the hollow places of the land and the depressions by the 

side of the river first begin to fill�察�as the water soaks through from the river�察�

and so soon as they become full of water�察�at once they are all filled with 

little fishes�察�and whence these are in all likelihood produced�察�I think that I 

perceive。 In the preceding year�察�when the Nile goes down�察�the fish first lay 



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eggs in the mud and then retire with the last of the retreating waters�察�and 

when the time comes round again�察�and the water once more comes over 

the   land�察  �from   these   eggs   forthwith   are   produced   the   fishes   of   which   I 

speak。 

     Thus it is as regards the fish。 And for anointing those of the Egyptians 

who     dwell    in  the   fens   use   oil  from    the   castor´berry�察   �which     oil  the 

Egyptians call /kiki/�察�and thus they do��they sow along the banks of the 

rivers and pools these plants�察�which in a wild form grow of themselves in 

the land of the Hellenes�察�these are sown in Egypt and produce berries in 

great   quantity   but   of   an   evil   smell�察  �and   when   they   have   gathered   these 

some cut them up and press the oil from them�察�others again roast them first 

and then boil them down and collect that which runs away from them。 The 

oil is fat and not less suitable for burning than olive´oil�察�but it gives forth a 

disagreeable smell。 Against the gnats�察�which are very abundant�察�they have 

contrived as follows��those who dwell above the fen´land are helped by 

the towers�察  �to   which   they  ascend   when they  go to   rest�察  �for   the gnats   by 

reason of the winds are not able to fly up high�此�but those who dwell in the 

fen´ land have contrived another way instead of the towers�察�and this it is�此 � 

´every man of them has got a casting net�察�with which by day he catches 

fish�察�but in the night he uses it for this purpose�察�that is to say he puts the 

casting´net   round   about   the   bed   in   which   he   sleeps�察  �and   then   creeps   in 

under   it   and   goes   to   sleep�此  �and   the   gnats�察  �if   he   sleeps   rolled   up   in   a 

garment or a linen sheet�察�bite through these�察�but through the net they do 

not even attempt to bite。 

     Their   boats   with   which   they   carry   cargoes   are   made   of   the   thorny 

acacia�察�of which the form is very like that of the Kyrenian lotos�察�and that 

which exudes from it is gum。 From this tree they cut pieces of wood about 

two    cubits   in  length    and   arrange   them   like    bricks�察  �fastening    the  boat 

together by running a great number of long bolts through the two´cubits 

pieces�察�and when they have thus fastened the boat together�察�they lay cross´ 

pieces over the top�察�using no ribs for the sides�察�and within they caulk the 

seams   with papyrus。 They  make   one   steering´oar   for   it�察 �which   is   passed 

through the bottom of the boat�察�and they have a mast of acacia and sails of 

papyrus。 These boats cannot sail up the river unless there be a very fresh 



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wind blowing�察�but are towed from th

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