an account of egypt(娃式芝)-及13何蛍
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wind blowing�察�but are towed from the shore�此�down´stream however they
travel as follows��they have a door´shaped crate made of tamarisk wood
and reed mats sewn together�察�and also a stone of about two talents weight
bored with a hole�察�and of these the boatman lets the crate float on in front
of the boat�察�fastened with a rope�察�and the stone drags behind by another
rope。 The crate then�察�as the force of the stream presses upon it�察�goes on
swiftly and draws on the /baris/ ��for so these boats are called���察�while the
stone dragging after it behind and sunk deep in the water keeps its course
straight。 These boats they have in great numbers and some of them carry
many thousands of talents' burden。
When the Nile comes over the land�察 �the cities alone are seen rising
above the water�察�resembling more nearly than anything else the islands in
the Egean Sea�察�for the rest of Egypt becomes a sea and the cities alone rise
above water。 Accordingly�察�whenever this happens�察�they pass by water not
now by the channels of the river but over the midst of the plain�此 �for
example�察�as one sails up from Naucratis to Memphis the passage is then
close by the pyramids�察 �whereas the usual passage is not the same even
here�察�but goes by the point of the Delta and the city of Kercasoros�察�while if
you sail over the plain to Naucratis from the sea and from Canobos�察�you
will go by Anthylla and the city called after Archander。 Of these Anthylla
is a city of note and is especially assigned to the wife of him who reigns
over Egypt�察 �to supply her with sandals�察 。�this is the case since the time
when Egypt came to be under the Persians���此�the other city seems to me to
have its name from Archander the son´in´law of Danaos�察�who was the son
of Phthios�察�the son of Achaios�察�for it is called the City of Archander。 There
might indeed by another Archander�察 �but in any case the name is not
Egyptian。
Hitherto my own observation and judgment and inquiry are the
vouchers for that which I have said�察 �but from this point onwards I am
about to tell the history of Egypt according to that which I have heard�察�to
which will be added also something of that which I have myself seen。
Of Min�察�who first became king of Egypt�察�the priests said that on the
one hand he banked off the site of Memphis from the river�此�for the whole
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stream of the river used to flow along by the sandy mountain´ range on the
side of Libya�察 �but Min formed by embankments that bend of the river
which lies to the South about a hundred furlongs above Memphis�察�and thus
he dried up the old stream and conducted the river so that it flowed in the
middle between the mountains�此�and even now this bend of the Nile is by
the Persians kept under very careful watch�察�that it may flow in the channel
to which it is confined�察�and the bank is repaired every year�察�for if the river
should break through and overflow in this direction�察�Memphis would be in
danger of being overwhelmed by flood。 When this Min�察�who first became
king�察�had made into dry land the part which was dammed off�察�on the one
hand�察�I say�察�he founded in it that city which is now called Memphis�察�for
Memphis too is in the narrow part of Egypt�察�and outside the city he dug
round it on the North and West a lake communicating with the river�察�for
the side towards the East is barred by the Nile itself。 Then secondly he
established in the city the temple of Hephaistos a great work and most
worthy of mention。 After this man the priests enumerated to me from a
papyrus roll the names of other kings�察�three hundred and thirty in number�察�
and in all these generations of men eighteen were Ethiopians�察�one was a
woman�察�a native Egyptian�察�and the rest were men and of Egyptian race�此�
and the name of the woman who reigned was the same as that of the
Babylonian queen�察�namely Nitocris。 Of her they said that desiring to take
vengeance for her brother�察 �whom the Egyptians had slain when he was
their king and then�察�after having slain him�察�had given his kingdom to her�察�
desiring�察�I say�察�to take vengeance for him�察�she destroyed by craft many of
the Egyptians。 For she caused to be constructed a very large chamber
under ground�察�and making as though she would handsel it but in her mind
devising other things�察�she invited those of the Egyptians whom she knew
to have had most part in the murder�察�and gave a great banquet。 Then while
they were feasting�察�she let in the river upon them by a secret conduit of
large size。 Of her they told no more than this�察�except that�察�when this had
been accomplished�察�she threw herself into a room full of embers�察�in order
that she might escape vengeance。 As for the other kings�察�they could tell me
of no great works which had been produced by them�察�and they said that
they had no renown except only the last of them�察�Moiris�此�he ��they said��
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produced as a memorial of himself the gateway of the temple of
Hephaistos which is turned towards the North Wind�察�and dug a lake�察�about
which I shall set forth afterwards how many furlongs of circuit it has�察�and
in it built pyramids of the size which I shall mention at the same time
when I speak of the lake itself。 He�察�they said�察�produced these works�察�but of
the rest none produced any。
Therefore passing these by I will make mention of the king who came
after these�察�whose name is Sesostris。 He ��the priests said�� first of all set out
with ships of war from the Arabian gulf and subdued those who dwelt by
the shores of the Erythraian Sea�察�until as he sailed he came to a sea which
could no further be navigated by reason of shoals�此�then secondly�察�after he
had returned to Egypt�察�according to the report of the priests he took a great
army and marched over the continent�察�subduing every nation which stood
in his way�此 �and those of them whom he found valiant and fighting
desperately for their freedom�察�in their lands he set up pillars which told by
inscriptions his own name and the name of his country�察�and how he had
subdued them by his power�察�but as to those of whose cities he obtained
possession without fighting or with ease�察 �on their pillars he inscribed
words after the same tenor as he did for the nations which had shown
themselves courageous�察 �and in addition he drew upon them the hidden
parts of a woman�察�desiring to signify by this that the people were cowards
and effeminate。 Thus doing he traversed the continent�察 �until at last he
passed over to Europe from Asia and subdued the Scythians and also the
Thracians。 These�察�I am of opinion�察�were the furthest people to which the
Egyptian army came�察�for in their country the pillars are found to have been
set up�察 �but in the land beyond this they are no longer found。 From this
point he turned and began to go back�察 �and when he came to the river
Phasis�察 �what happened then I cannot say for certain�察 �whether the king
Sesostris himself divided off a certain portion of his army and left the men
there as settlers in the land�察�or whether some of his soldiers were wearied
by his distant marches and remained by the river Phasis。 For the people of
Colchis are evidently Egyptian�察 �and this I perceived for myself before I
heard it from others。 So when I had come to consider the matter I asked
them both�察 �and the Colchians had remembrance of the Egyptians more
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than the Egyptians of the Colchians�察�but the Egyptians said they believed
that the Colchians were a portion of the army of Sesostris。 That this was so
I conjectured myself not only because they are dark´skinned and have
curly hair ��this of itself amounts to nothing�察�for there are other races which
are so���察 �but also still more because the Colchians�察 �Egyptians�察 �and
Ethiopians alone of all the races of men have practised circumcision from
the first。 The Phenicians and the Syrians who dwell in Palestine confess
themselves that they have learnt it from the Egyptians�察 �and the Syrians
about the river Thermodon and the river Parthenios�察�and the Macronians�察�
who are their neighbors�察 �say that they have learnt it lately from the
Colchians。 These are the only races of men who practise circumcision�察�and
these evidently practise it in the same manner as the Egyptians。 Of the
Egyptians themselves however and the Ethiopians�察 �I am not able to say
which learnt from the other�察�for undoubtedly it is a most ancient custom�察�
but that the other nations learnt it by intercourse with the Egyptians�察�this
among others is to me a strong proof�察�namely that those of the Phenicians
who have intercourse with Hellas cease to follow the example of the
Egyptians in this matter�察�and do not circumcise their children。 No