russia in 1919(1919議躯忽)-及23何蛍
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
say in answer to the accusations made both by the Mensheviks and by the
Extremists on the Left that control by the workers has become a dead
letter�察�and that a time will come when the trades unions will move against
the state organizations。
Schmidt answered�此 �Those accusations and suggestions are all very
well for agitational purposes�察�but the first to laugh at them would be the
trades unions themselves。 This Commissariat�察�for example�察�which is the
actual labour centre�察�is controlled directly by the unions。 As Commissar
of Labour�察 �I was elected directly by the General Council of the Trades
Unions。 Of the College of nine members which controls the whole work
of the Commissariat�察�five are elected directly by the General Council of
the Trades Unions and four appointed by the Council of People's
Commissaries�察�thus giving the Unions a decisive majority in all questions
concerning labour。 All nine are confirmed by the Council of People's
Commissaries�察 �representing the state as a whole�察 �and the Commissar is
confirmed by the All´Russian Executive Committee。;
Of course control by the workers�察 �as it was first introduced�察 �led
speedily to many absurdities and�察 �much to the dissatisfaction of the
extremer elements�察�has been considerably modified。 It was realized that
the workers in any particular factory might by considering only their own
interests harm the community as a whole�察 �and so�察 �in the long run�察�
themselves。 The manner of its modification is an interesting example of
the way in which�察�without the influence of tanks�察�aeroplanes or bayonets�察�
the cruder ideas of communism are being modified by life。 It was
reasoned that since the factory was the property�察 �not of the particular
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workmen who work in it�察 �but of the community as a whole�察 �the
community as a whole should have a considerable voice in its
management。 And the effect of that reasoning has been to ensure that the
technical specialist and the expert works manager are no longer at the
caprice of a hastily called gathering of the workmen who may�察 �without
understanding them�察 �happen to disapprove of some of their dispositions。
Thus the economical�察 �administrative council of a nationalized factory
consists of representatives of the workmen and clerical staff�察�
representatives of the higher technical and commercial staffs�察�the directors
of the factory ��who are appointed by the Central Direction of National
Factories���察 �representatives of the local council of trades unions�察 �the
Council of Public Economy�察�the local soviet�察�and the industrial union of
the particular industry carried on in the factory�察 �together with�察 �a
representative of the workers' co´operative society and a representative of
the peasants' soviet of the district in which the factory is situated。 In this
council not more than half of the members may be representatives of the
workmen and clerical staff of the factory。 This council considers the
internal order of the factory�察�complaints of any kind�察�and the material and
moral conditions of work and so on。 On questions of a technical
character it has no right to do more than give advice。
The night before I saw Schmidt�察�little Finberg had come to my room
for a game of chess in a very perturbed state of mind�察�having just come
from a meeting of the union to which he belonged ��the union of clerks�察�
shop assistants and civil servants�� where there had been a majority against
the Bolsheviks after some fierce criticism over this particular question。
Finberg had said that the ground basis of the discontent had been the lack
of food�察 �but that the outspoken criticism had taken the form�察 �first�察 �of
protests against the offer of concessions in Chicherin's Note of February
4th�察 �on the ground that concessions meant concessions to foreign
capitalism and the formation in Russia of capitalist centres which would
eventually spread�察�and second�察�that the Communists themselves�察�by their
modifications of Workers' Control�察 �were introducing State Capitalism
instead of Socialism。
I mentioned this union to Schmidt�察 �and asked him to explain its
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hostility。 He laughed�察 �and said�此 �Firstly�察 �that union is not an industrial
union at all�察 �but includes precisely the people whose interests are not
identical with those of the workmen。 Secondly�察 �it includes all the old
civil servants who�察�as you remember�察�left the ministries at the November
Revolution�察�in many cases taking the money with them。 They came back
in the end�察 �but though no longer ready to work openly against the
revolution as a whole�察�they retain much of their old dislike of us�察�and�察�as
you see�察 �the things they were objecting to last night were precisely the
things which do not concern them in particular。 Any other stick would be
as good to them。 They know well that if they were to go on strike now
they would be a nuisance to us�察 �no more。 If you wish to know the
attitude of the Trades Unions�察 �you should look at the Trades Union
Congress which wholly supported us�察�and gave a very different picture of
affairs。 They know well that in all questions of labour�察�the trades unions
have the decisive voice。 I told you that the unions send a majority of the
members of the College which controls the work of this Commissariat。 I
should have added that the three most important departments´the
department for safeguarding labour�察�the department for distributing labour�察�
and that for regulating wages´are entirely controlled by the Unions。;
;How do politics affect the Commissariat�拭─�
;Not at all。 Politics do not count with us�察 �just because we are
directly controlled by the Unions�察 �and not�察 �by any political party。
Mensheviks�察�Maximalists and others have worked and are working in the
Commissariat。 Of course if a man were opposed to the revolution as a
whole we should not have him here�察�because he would be working against
us instead of helping。;
I asked whether he thought the trade unions would ever disappear in
the Soviet organizations。 He thought not。 On the contrary�察 �they had
grown steadily throughout the revolution。 He told me that one great
change had been made in them。 Trade unions have been merged together
into industrial unions�察 �to prevent conflict between individual sections of
one industry。 Thus boilermakers and smiths do not have separate unions�察�
but are united in the metal´workers' union。 This unification has its effect
on reforms and changes。 An increase in wages�察 �for example�察 �is
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simultaneous all over Russia。 The price of living varies very
considerably in different parts of the country�察 �there being as great
differences between the climates of different parts as there are between the
countries of Europe。 Consequently a uniform absolute increase would be
grossly unfair to some and grossly favourable to others。 The increase is
therefore proportional to the cost of living。 Moscow is taken as a norm
of 100�察�and when a new minimum wage is established for Moscow other
districts increase their minimum wage proportionately。 A table for this
has been worked out�察 �whereby in comparison with 100 for Moscow�察�
Petrograd is set down as 120�察�Voronezh or Kursk as 70�察�and so on。
We spoke of the new programme of the Communists�察�rough drafts of
which were being printed in the newspapers for discussion�察�and he showed
me his own suggestions in so far as the programme concerned labour。 He
wished the programme to include�察 �among other aims�察 �the further
mechanization of production�察 �particularly the mechanization of all
unpleasant and dirty processes�察 �improved sanitary inspection�察 �shortening
of the working day in employments harmful to health�察�forbidding women
with child to do any but very light work�察�and none at all for eight weeks
before giving birth and for eight weeks afterwards�察 �forbidding overtime�察�
and so on。 ;We have already gone far beyond our old programme�察�and
our new one steps far ahead of us。 Russia is the first country in the world
where all workers have a fortnight's holiday in the year�察 �and workers in
dangerous or unhealthy occupations have a month's。;
I said�察 �Yes�察�but don't you find that there is a very lon