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及23何蛍

russia in 1919(1919議躯忽)-及23何蛍

弌傍�� russia in 1919(1919議躯忽) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




say in answer to the accusations made both by the Mensheviks and by the 

Extremists   on   the   Left   that   control   by   the   workers   has   become   a   dead 

letter�察�and that a time will come when the trades unions will move against 

the state organizations。 

       Schmidt   answered�此   �Those   accusations   and   suggestions   are   all   very 

well for agitational purposes�察�but the first to laugh at them would be the 

trades unions themselves。          This Commissariat�察�for example�察�which is the 

actual labour centre�察�is controlled directly by the unions。               As Commissar 

of   Labour�察  �I   was   elected   directly   by   the   General   Council   of   the   Trades 

Unions。      Of the College of nine members which controls the whole work 

of the Commissariat�察�five are elected   directly by the General Council   of 

the    Trades    Unions     and    four   appointed     by   the   Council     of   People's 

Commissaries�察�thus giving the Unions a decisive majority in all questions 

concerning   labour。       All   nine   are   confirmed   by   the   Council   of   People's 

Commissaries�察  �representing   the   state   as   a   whole�察  �and   the   Commissar   is 

confirmed by the All´Russian Executive Committee。; 

       Of   course   control   by   the   workers�察  �as   it   was   first   introduced�察  �led 

speedily     to  many     absurdities    and�察  �much     to  the  dissatisfaction     of  the 

extremer elements�察�has been considerably modified。                   It was realized that 

the workers in any particular factory might by considering only their own 

interests    harm    the   community       as  a  whole�察   �and    so�察 �in  the   long   run�察�

themselves。       The manner of its modification is an interesting example of 

the way in which�察�without the influence of tanks�察�aeroplanes or bayonets�察�

the   cruder    ideas   of   communism       are   being    modified    by   life。  It   was 

reasoned   that   since   the   factory   was   the   property�察  �not   of   the   particular 


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workmen        who     work    in   it�察 �but   of  the   community        as   a  whole�察    �the 

community         as   a   whole     should     have     a   considerable      voice     in   its 

management。         And the effect of that reasoning has been to ensure that the 

technical   specialist   and   the   expert   works   manager   are   no   longer   at   the 

caprice   of   a   hastily   called   gathering   of   the   workmen   who   may�察  �without 

understanding them�察 �happen to disapprove   of   some of   their dispositions。 

Thus     the   economical�察     �administrative      council    of  a   nationalized     factory 

consists      of    representatives       of    the    workmen        and     clerical     staff�察�

representatives of the higher technical and commercial staffs�察�the directors 

of   the   factory   ��who   are   appointed   by   the   Central   Direction   of   National 

Factories���察     �representatives      of  the   local   council     of  trades    unions�察   �the 

Council of Public Economy�察�the local soviet�察�and the industrial union of 

the    particular     industry    carried     on   in   the   factory�察   �together     with�察  �a 

representative of the workers' co´operative society and a representative of 

the peasants' soviet of the district in which the factory is situated。                  In this 

council not more than half of the members may be representatives of the 

workmen   and   clerical   staff   of   the   factory。      This   council   considers   the 

internal order of the factory�察�complaints of any kind�察�and the material and 

moral     conditions      of  work     and   so   on。    On    questions     of   a  technical 

character it has no right to do more than give advice。 

       The night before I saw Schmidt�察�little Finberg had come to my room 

for a game of chess in a very perturbed state of mind�察�having just come 

from a   meeting of   the union to   which   he   belonged   ��the union of   clerks�察�

shop assistants and civil servants�� where there had been a majority against 

the   Bolsheviks   after   some   fierce   criticism   over   this   particular   question。 

Finberg had said that the ground basis of the discontent had been the lack 

of   food�察  �but   that   the   outspoken   criticism   had   taken   the   form�察  �first�察  �of 

protests against the offer of concessions in Chicherin's Note of February 

4th�察   �on    the   ground     that   concessions      meant     concessions       to   foreign 

capitalism and the formation in Russia of capitalist centres which would 

eventually spread�察�and second�察�that the Communists themselves�察�by their 

modifications       of   Workers'     Control�察   �were    introducing      State   Capitalism 

instead of Socialism。 

       I   mentioned   this   union   to   Schmidt�察  �and   asked   him   to   explain   its 


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hostility。    He   laughed�察  �and   said�此   �Firstly�察  �that   union   is   not   an   industrial 

union   at   all�察  �but   includes   precisely   the   people   whose   interests   are   not 

identical   with   those   of   the   workmen。       Secondly�察  �it   includes   all   the   old 

civil servants who�察�as you remember�察�left the ministries at the November 

Revolution�察�in many cases taking the money with them。                      They came back 

in   the   end�察  �but   though     no   longer    ready    to  work     openly    against    the 

revolution as a whole�察�they retain much of their old dislike of us�察�and�察�as 

you   see�察  �the   things   they   were   objecting   to   last   night   were   precisely   the 

things which do not concern them in particular。                Any other stick would be 

as good to them。 They  know well that if   they  were to go on strike   now 

they   would   be   a   nuisance   to   us�察  �no   more。      If   you   wish   to   know   the 

attitude    of   the   Trades    Unions�察    �you   should    look    at  the   Trades    Union 

Congress which wholly supported us�察�and gave a very different picture of 

affairs。 They know well that in all questions of labour�察�the trades unions 

have the decisive voice。          I told you that the unions send a majority of the 

members of the College which controls the work of this Commissariat。                           I 

should      have     added     that   the   three    most     important     departments´the 

department for safeguarding labour�察�the department for distributing labour�察�

and that for regulating wages´are entirely controlled by the Unions。; 

       ;How do politics affect the Commissariat�拭─�

       ;Not    at  all。  Politics     do  not   count    with   us�察  �just  because     we   are 

directly     controlled     by   the   Unions�察     �and   not�察  �by    any   political    party。 

Mensheviks�察�Maximalists and others have worked and are working in the 

Commissariat。   Of   course   if   a   man   were   opposed   to   the   revolution   as   a 

whole we should not have him here�察�because he would be working against 

us instead of helping。; 

       I asked whether he thought the trade unions would ever disappear in 

the   Soviet   organizations。       He   thought   not。      On   the   contrary�察  �they   had 

grown   steadily   throughout   the   revolution。           He   told   me   that   one   great 

change had been made in them。               Trade unions have been merged together 

into industrial   unions�察 �to   prevent   conflict   between   individual   sections   of 

one industry。       Thus boilermakers and smiths do not have separate unions�察�

but are united in the metal´workers' union。               This unification has its effect 

on    reforms      and   changes。       An     increase     in  wages�察    �for   example�察     �is 


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simultaneous        all  over    Russia。      The     price    of   living    varies    very 

considerably       in  different   parts   of   the   country�察  �there    being   as   great 

differences between the climates of different parts as there are between the 

countries of Europe。        Consequently a uniform absolute increase would be 

grossly unfair to some and grossly favourable to others。                 The increase is 

therefore proportional to the cost of living。            Moscow is taken as a norm 

of 100�察�and when a new minimum wage is established for Moscow other 

districts   increase   their  minimum  wage   proportionately。          A  table   for   this 

has    been   worked     out�察 �whereby     in  comparison      with   100   for   Moscow�察�

Petrograd is set down as 120�察�Voronezh or Kursk as 70�察�and so on。 

       We spoke of the new programme of the Communists�察�rough drafts of 

which were being printed in the newspapers for discussion�察�and he showed 

me his own suggestions in so far as the programme concerned labour。                     He 

wished      the   programme       to   include�察   �among     other    aims�察  �the   further 

mechanization        of   production�察    �particularly     the   mechanization       of   all 

unpleasant   and   dirty  processes�察  �improved   sanitary  inspection�察  �shortening 

of the working day in employments harmful to health�察�forbidding women 

with child to do any but very light work�察�and none at all for eight weeks 

before giving   birth   and for  eight   weeks   afterwards�察 �forbidding   overtime�察�

and so on。      ;We have already gone far beyond our old programme�察�and 

our new one steps far ahead of us。 Russia is the first country in the world 

where   all   workers have   a   fortnight's   holiday  in   the   year�察  �and   workers   in 

dangerous or unhealthy occupations have a month's。; 

       I said�察 �Yes�察�but don't you find that there is a very lon

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