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russia in 1919(1919議躯忽)-及24何蛍

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dangerous or unhealthy occupations have a month's。; 

       I said�察 �Yes�察�but don't you find that there is a very long way between 

the passing of a law and its realization�拭─�

       Schmidt   laughed   and   replied�此   �In   some   things   certainly�察  �yes。     For 

example�察�we are against all overtime�察�but�察�in the present state of Russia we 

should be sacrificing to a theory the good of the revolution as a whole if 

we did not allow and encourage overtime in transport repairs。                   Similarly�察�

until   things    are  further   developed      than   they   are  now�察   �we   should    be 

criminal slaves   to   theory  if   we   did   not�察  �in some   cases�察  �allow lads   under 

sixteen years old to be in the factories when we have not yet been able to 

provide the necessary schools where we would wish them to be。                      But the 

programme is there�察�and as fast as it can be realized we are realizing it。; 


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RUSSIA IN 1919 


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                                        RUSSIA IN 1919 



                               EDUCATION 



     February 28th。 

       At   the   Commissariat       of   Public    Education     I  showed      Professor 

Pokrovsky   a   copy   of   The   German´Bolshevik   Conspiracy�察  �published   in 

America�察     �containing     documents      supposed     to   prove   that   the   German 

General Staff arranged the November Revolution�察�and that the Bolsheviks 

were no more than German agents。              The weak point about the documents 

is that the most important of them have no reason for existence except to 

prove that there was such a conspiracy。            These are the documents bought 

by Mr。 Sisson。       I was interested to see what Pokrovsky would say of them。 

He    looked    through    them�察   �and   while    saying   that   he  had   seen   forged 

documents   better   done�察  �pointed   as   evidence   to   the   third   of   them   which 

ends with the alleged signatures of Zalkind�察�Polivanov�察�Mekhinoshin and 

Joffe。    He observed that whoever forged the things knew a good deal�察�but 

did    not    know     quite   enough�察    �because     these   persons�察    �described     as 

;plenipotentiaries      of  the   Council    of  Peoples'    Commissars�察─     �though    all 

actually in the service of the Soviet Government�察�could not all�察�at that time�察�

have been what they were said to be。            Polivanov�察�for example�察�was a very 

minor   official。    Joffe�察 �on   the   other�此  �hand�察 �was   indeed   a   person   of   some 

importance。       The putting of the names in that order was almost as funny 

as if they had produced a document signed by Lenin and the Commandant 

of the Kremlin�察�putting the latter first。 

       Pokrovsky      told   me   a  good    deal   about    the  organization     of   this 

Commissariat�察       �as  Lunacharsky�察     �the   actual   head    of  it�察 �was    away    in 

Petrograd。      The    routine    work    is  run  by   a  College    of  nine   members 

appointed   by   the   Council   of   People's   Commissars。        The   Commissar   of 

Education himself is appointed by the All´Russian Executive Committee。 

Besides     this�察  �there   is  a  Grand    College     which    meets    rarely   for   the 

settlement   of important questions。  In   it   are  representatives of   the Trades 

Unions�察     �the   Workers'     Co´operatives�察      �the   Teachers'    Union�察    �various 

Commissariats   such   as   that   for   affairs   of   Nationality�察  �and   other   public 

organizations。      He   also   gave   me   then   and   at   a   later   date   a   number   of 


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figures     illustrating   the   work    that  has   been    done    since   the  revolution。 

Thus whereas there used to be six universities there are now sixteen�察�most 

of the new universities having been opened on the initiative of the local 

Soviets�察  �as   at Astrakhan�察  �Nijni�察  �Kostroma�察 �Tambov�察  �Smolensk   and   other 

places。     New polytechnics are being founded。                At Ivano´Vosnesensk the 

new   polytechnic   is   opened   and   that   at   Briansk   is   being   prepared。      The 

number   of   students   in   the   universities   has   increased   enormously   though 

not to   the same proportion   as the  number of   universities�察 �partly  because 

the difficulties of food supply keep many students out of the towns�察�and 

partly because of the newness of some of the universities which are only 

now gathering their students about them。               All education is free。 In August 

last a decree was passed abolishing preliminary examinations for persons 

wishing   to   become   students。        It   was   considered   that   very   many   people 

who could attend the lectures with profit to themselves had been prevented 

by   the   war   or   by   pre´revolution   conditions   from   acquiring   the   sort   of 

knowledge that could be tested by examination。 It was also believed that 

no   one   would   willingly   listen   to   lectures   that   were   of   no   use   to   him。 

They hoped to get as many working men into the universities as possible。 

Since     the   passing    of  that   decree    the  number      of  students    at  Moscow 

University�察�for example�察�has more than doubled。 It is interesting to notice 

that of the new students a greater number are studying in the faculties of 

science   and   history   and   philosophy   than   in   those   of   medicine   or   law。 

Schools are being unified on a new basis in which labour plays a great part。 

I frankly admit I do not understand�察�and I gather that many teachers have 

also failed to understand�察�how this is done。              Crafts of all kinds take a big 

place   in   the   scheme。   The   schools   are   divided   into   two   classes´one   for 

children   from   seven   to   twelve   years   old�察  �and   one   for   those   aged   from 

thirteen   to   seventeen。      A  milliard   roubles   has   been   assigned   to   feeding 

children in the schools�察�and those who most need them are supplied with 

clothes     and   footgear。    Then    there   are   many     classes   for   working     men�察�

designed   to   give   the   worker   a   general   scientific   knowledge   of   his   own 

trade   and   so   prevent   him   from   being   merely   a   machine   carrying   out   a 

single uncomprehended process。 Thus a boiler´maker can attend a course 

on   mechanical   engineering�察  �an   electrical   worker   a   course   on   electricity�察�


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and    the   best   agricultural    experts    are  being    employed      to  give   similar 

lectures   to   the   peasants。    The   workmen   crowd   to   these   courses。         One 

course�察    �for  example�察    �is  attended     by  a   thousand     men    in  spite   of  the 

appalling cold of the lecture rooms。            The hands of the science professors�察�

so Pokrovsky told me�察�are frostbitten from touching the icy metal of their 

instruments during demonstrations。 

       The following figures represent roughly the growth in the number of 

libraries。    In   October�察  �1917�察  �there   were   23   libraries   in   Petrograd�察  �30   in 

Moscow。        Today there are 49 in Petrograd and 85 in Moscow�察�besides a 

hundred   book   distributing   centres。        A  similar   growth   in   the   number   of 

libraries has taken place in the country districts。              In Ousolsky ouezd�察�for 

example�察�there are now 73 village libraries�察�35 larger libraries and 500 hut 

libraries    or   reading    rooms。     In    Moscow      educational     institutions�察   �not 

including schools�察�have increased from 369 to 1��357。 

       There   are   special   departments   for   the   circulation   of   printed   matter�察�

and they really have developed a remarkable organization。                     I was shown 

over their headquarters on   the Tverskaya�察�and saw  huge maps of   Russia 

with all the distributing centres marked with reference numbers so that it 

was   possible   to   tell   in   a   moment   what   number   of   any   new   publication 

should be sent to each。 Every post office is a distributing centre to which 

is   sent   a   certain   number   of   all   publications�察  �periodical   and   other。  The 

local    Soviets    ask   through    the   post   offices   for  such    quantities    as  are 

required�察�so that the supply can be closely regulated by the demand。 The 

book´selling kiosks send in reports of the sale of the various newspapers�察�

etc。�察�to eliminate the waste of over´production�察�a very important matter in 

a country faced simultaneously by a vigorous demand for printed matter 

and an extreme scarcity of paper。 

       It would be interesting to have statistics to illustrate the character of 

the   literature   in   demand。   One   thing   can   be   said   at   once。 No   one   reads 

sentimental romances。           As is natural in a period of tremendous political 

upheaval pamphlets sell by the thousand�察�speeches of Lenin and Trotsky 

are only equalled in popularity by Demian Biedny's more or less political 

poetry。     Pamphlets   and   books   on   Marx�察 �on the   war�察  �and   particularly  on 

certain     phases    of   the   revolution�察    �on   different    aspects    of   economic 


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reconstruction�察     �simply    written    explanations     of   laws   or  policies    vanish 

almost as soon as they are put on the stalls。             The reading of this kind has 

been something prodigious during the revolution。                  A great deal of poetry 

is   read�察  �and    much     is  written。    It   is  amusing      to  find   in   a  red´hot 

revolutionary   paper   serious   articles   and   letters   b

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