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及26何蛍

russia in 1919(1919議躯忽)-及26何蛍

弌傍�� russia in 1919(1919議躯忽) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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opposition are inclined to agree with them�察�and temporarily to submit to 

what     they   undoubtedly      consider    rank    tyranny。    A    position    has   been 

reached after these eighteen months not unlike that reached by the English 

Parliament party in 1643。          I am reminded of a passage in Guizot�察�which is 

so illuminating that I make no apology for quoting it in full�此�

       ;The party had been in the ascendant for three years�此�whether it had 

or   had   not�察  �in   church   and   state�察  �accomplished   its   designs�察  �it   was   at   all 

events by its aid and concurrence that�察�for three years�察�public affairs had 

been conducted�察�this alone was sufficient to make many people weary of it�察�

it was made responsible for the many evils already endured�察�for the many 

hopes frustrated�察�it was denounced as being no less addicted to persecution 

than the bishops�察 �no less arbitrary  than the  king�今�196��its   inconsistencies�察�

its weaknesses�察�were recalled with bitterness�察�and�察�independently of this�察�

even     without    factions   or  interested    views�察  �from   the   mere    progress    of 


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                                          RUSSIA IN 1919 



events   and   opinions�察  �there   was   felt   a   secret   need   of   new   principles   and 

new rulers。; 

       New rulers are advancing on Moscow from Siberia�察�but I do not think 

that they claim that they are bringing with them new principles。                      Though 

the masses may want new principles�察�and might for a moment submit to a 

reintroduction of very old principles in desperate hope of less hunger and 

less cold�察�no one but a lunatic could imagine that they would for very long 

willingly   submit   to   them。      In   the   face   of   the   danger   that   they   may   be 

forced   to   submit   not   to   new   principles   but   to   very   old   ones�察  �the   non´ 

Communist   leaders   are   unwilling   to   use   to   the   full   the   discontent   that 

exists。    Hunger and cold are a good enough basis of agitation for anyone 

desirous   of   overturning   any   existing   government。            But   the   Left   Social 

Revolutionaries�察  �led   by   the   hysterical   but   flamingly   honest   Spiridonova�察�

are   alone    in  having     no  scruples    or   hesitation   in   the   matter�察  �the  more 

responsible parties fearing the anarchy and consequent weakening of the 

revolution that would result from any violent change。 


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                                      RUSSIA IN 1919 



                      THE LEFT SOCIAL 

                 REVOLUTIONARIES 



       The   Left   Social   Revolutionaries      want   something     so   much    like 

anarchy that they have nothing to fear in a collapse of the present system。 

They are for a   partisan army�察�not   a regular army。          They are against   the 

employment       of  officers   who   served   under   the   old  regime。    They    are 

against the employment of responsible technicians and commercial experts 

in the factories。     They believe that officers and experts alike�察�being ex´ 

bourgeois�察�must be enemies of the people�察�insidiously engineering reaction。 

They are opposed to any agreement with the Allies�察�exactly as they were 

opposed to any agreement with the Germans。               I heard them describe the 

Communists as ;the bourgeois gendarmes of the Entente�察─�on the ground 

that having offered concessions they would be keeping order in Russia for 

the benefit of Allied capital。      They blew up Mirbach�察�and would no doubt 

try   to   blow   up   any   successors   he   might   have。 Not   wanting   a   regular 

army ��a low bourgeois weapon�� they would welcome occupation in order 

that they�察�with bees in their bonnets and bombs in their hands�察�might go 

about revolting against it。 

       I did not see Spiridonova�察�because on February 11�察�the very day when 

I had an appointment with her�察�the Communists arrested her�察�on the ground 

that   her   agitation   was   dangerous   and   anarchist   in   tendency�察  �fomenting 

discontent     without   a  programme      for  its  satisfaction。   Having     a  great 

respect for her honesty�察�they were hard put to it to know what to do with 

her�察  �and   she   was   finally   sentenced   to   be   sent   for   a   year   to   a   home   for 

neurasthenics�察 �where she would be able to read and write and recover her 

normality。; That the Communists were right in fearing this agitation was 

proved by the troubles in Petrograd�察�where the   workmen in some of   the 

factories struck�察�and passed Left Social Revolutionary resolutions which�察�

so    far  from   showing     that  they   were   awaiting    reaction   and   General 

Judenitch�察  �showed   simply   that   they   were   discontented   and   prepared   to 

move to the left。 


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                                        RUSSIA IN 1919 



                      THE MENSHEVIKS 



       The    second     main     group    of   opposition      is  dominated      by    the 

Mensheviks   。   Their   chief   leaders   are   Martov   and   Dan。      Of   these   two�察�

Martov   is   by   far   the   cleverer�察  �Dan   the   more   garrulous�察  �being   often   led 

away by his own volubility into agitation   of a kind not approved by  his 

friends。    Both are men of very considerable courage。               Both are Jews。 

       The    Mensheviks      would     like  the   reintroduction     of  capitalists�察  �of 

course     much     chastened     by    experience�察    �and    properly    controlled     by 

themselves。        Unlike     Spiridonova      and    her   romantic    supporters     they 

approved of Chicherin's offer of peace and concessions to the Allies ��see 

page 44��。      They have even issued an appeal that the Allies should come 

to   an   agreement   with   ;Lenin's   Government。; As   may   be   gathered   from 

their   choice   of   a   name   for   the   Soviet   Government�察  �they   are   extremely 

hostile to it�察�but they fear worse things�察�and are consequently a little shy of 

exploiting   as   they   easily   could   the   dislike   of   the   people   for   hunger   and 

cold。    They fear that agitation on these lines might well result in anarchy�察�

which would leave the revolution temporarily defenceless against Kolchak�察�

Denikin�察     �Judenitch     or   any    other    armed     reactionary。      Their     non´ 

Communist enemies say of the Mensheviks�此 �They have no constructive 

programme�察�they would like a bourgeois government back again�察�in order 

that they might be in opposition to it�察�on the left; 

       On March 2nd�察�I went to an election meeting of workers and officials 

of   the   Moscow   Co´operatives。        It   was   beastly   cold   in   the   hall   of   the 

University where the meeting was held�察�and my nose froze as well as my 

feet。    Speakers were announced from the Communists�察                 �Internationalists�察�

Mensheviks�察�and Right Social Revolutionaries。                The     last´named did not 

arrive。     The   Presidium   was   for   the   most   part   non´Communist�察  �and   the 

meeting was about equally divided   for and against the Communists。                       A 

Communist        led  off  with   a  very   bad   speech    on   the  general    European 

situation and to the effect that there was no salvation for Russia except by 

the   way  she   was   going。    Lozovsky�察 �the   old   Internationalist�察  �spoke   next�察�

supporting the Bolsheviks' general policy but criticizing their suppression 

of the press。     Then came Dan�察�the Menshevik�察�to hear whom I had come。 


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                                         RUSSIA IN 1919 



He    is  a  little�察 �sanguine    man�察   �who    gets   very   hot   as  he   speaks。    He 

conducted   an   attack   on   the   whole   Bolshevik   position   combined   with   a 

declaration that so long as they are attacked from without he is prepared to 

support them。 The gist of his speech was�此�1。 He was in favour of fighting 

Kolchak。   2。   But   the   Bolshevik   policy   with   regard   to   the   peasants   will�察�

since as the army grows it must contain more and more peasants�察�end in 

the   creation    of  an   army   with    counter´revolutionary   sympathies。         3。  He 

objected to the Bolshevik criticism of the Berne�察�delegation ��see page 156�� 

on   very   curious   grounds�察  �saying   that   though   Thomas�察  �Henderson�察  �etc。�察�

backed their own Imperialists during the war�察�all that was now over�察�and 

that   union   with   them  would   help�察  �not   hinder�察  �revolution   in   England   and 

France。 4。 He pointed out that ;All power to the Soviets; now means ;All 

power to the Bolsheviks�察─�and said that he wished that the Soviets should 

actually     have    all  power    instead    of  merely     supporting     the  Bolshevik 

bureaucracy。       He was asked for his own programme�察�but said he had not 

time     to   give    it。    I    watched      the    applause     carefully。      General 

dissatisfaction with the present state of affairs was obvious�察�but it was also 

obvious   that   no   party   would   have   a   chance   that   admitted   its   aim   was 

extinction of the Soviets ��which Dan's ultimate aim certainly is�察�or at least 

the   changing   of   them   into   non´political   industrial   organizations��   or   that 

was not prepared to fight against reaction from without。 

       I went to see Sukhanov ��the friend of Gorky and Martov�察�though his 

political opinions do not precisely agree with those of either���察�partly to get 

the proofs of his first volume of reminiscences of the revolution�察�partly to 

hear what he had to say。          I found him muffled up in a dressing gown or 

overcoat in an unheated flat�察�sitting down to tea with no sugar�察�very little 

bread�察   �a  little  sausage    and   a  surprising    scrap   of  butter�察  �brough

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