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及27何蛍

russia in 1919(1919議躯忽)-及27何蛍

弌傍�� russia in 1919(1919議躯忽) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




overcoat in an unheated flat�察�sitting down to tea with no sugar�察�very little 

bread�察   �a  little  sausage    and   a  surprising    scrap   of  butter�察  �brought    in�察 �I 

suppose�察�from the country by a friend。              Nikitsky�察�a Menshevik�察�was also 

there�察�a hopeless figure�察�prophesying the rotting of the whole system and 

of the revolution。       Sukhanov asked me if I had noticed the disappearance 

of all spoons ��there are now none�察�but wooden spoons in the Metropole�� as 

a symbol of the falling to pieces of the revolution。              I told him that though 

I had not lived in Russia thirty years or more�察�as he had�察�I had yet lived 

there long enough and had�察�before the revolution�察�sufficient experience in 


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                                        RUSSIA IN 1919 



the loss of fishing tackle�察�not to be surprised that Russian peasants�察�even 

delegates�察�when able�察�as in such a moment of convulsion as the revolution�察�

stole   spoons   if   only   as   souvenirs   to   show   that   they   had   really   been   to 

Moscow。 

       We talked�察�of course�察�of their attitude towards the Bolsheviks。                Both 

work in Soviet institutions。         Sukhanov ��Nikitsky agreeing�� believed that 

if the Bolsheviks came further to meet the other parties�察�Mensheviks�察�etc。�察�

;Kolchak      and   Denikin     would    commit   suicide     and   your   Lloyd    George 

would give up all thought of intervention。; I asked�察�What if they should be 

told   to   hold   a   Constituent   Assembly   or   submit   to   a   continuance   of   the 

blockade�拭     �Sukhanov       said�察  �Such     a  Constituent     Assembly      would     be 

impossible�察�and we should be against it。; Of the Soviets�察�one or other said�察�

;We stand absolutely on the platform of the Soviet Government now�此�but 

we think that such a form cannot be permanent。                We consider the Soviets 

perfect     instruments      of  class    struggle�察   �but   not   a   perfect    form    of 

government。; I asked Sukhanov if he thought counter revolution possible。 

He said ;No�察─�but admitted that there was a danger lest the agitation of the 

Mensheviks or others might set fire to the discontent of the masses against 

the actual physical conditions�察�and end in pogroms destroying Bolsheviks 

and Mensheviks alike。          Their general theory was that Russia was not so 

far   developed      that  a  Socialist    State   was   at  present    possible。     They 

therefore wanted a state in which private capital should exist�察�and in which 

factories    were    not  run   by   the  state  but   by   individual    owners。     They 

believed that   the  peasants�察 �with their  instincts  of small   property´holders�察�

would eventually enforce something of the kind�察�and that the end would be 

some form of democratic Republic。              These two were against the offering 

of concessions to the Allies�察�on the ground that those under consideration 

involved   the   handing   over  to   the   concessionaires of   the  whole  power  in 

northern     Russia´railways�察�forests�察�the right to set up their own banks in 

the towns served by the railway�察�with all that this implied。 Sukhanov was 

against concessions on principle�察�and regretted that the Mensheviks were 

in favour of them。 

       I   saw   Martov   at   the   offices   of   his   newspaper�察  �which   had   just   been 

suppressed      on   account    of   an  article�察 �which     he  admitted     was   a  little 


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                                          RUSSIA IN 1919 



indiscreet�察�objecting   to  the upkeep of   the   Red Army  ��see   page   167��。   He 

pointed eloquently to the seal on some of the doors�察�but told me that he 

had started a new paper�察�of which he showed me the first number�察�and told 

me that the demand for it was such that although he had intended that it 

should be a weekly he now expected to make it a daily。                     Martov said that 

he and his party were against every form of intervention for the following 

reasons�此  �1。   The   continuation   of   hostilities�察  �the   need   of   an   army   and   of 

active defence were bound to intensify the least desirable qualities of the 

revolution      whereas      an   agreement�察      �by   lessening     the    tension�察   �would 

certainly lead to moderation of Bolshevik Policy。 2。 The needs of the army 

overwhelmed every effort at restoring the economic life of the country。 He 

was   further   convinced   that   intervention   of   any   kind   favoured   reaction�察�

even   supposing   that   the   Allies   did   not   wish      this。   ;They   cannot      help 

themselves�察─�he said�察 �the forces that would support intervention must be 

dominated by those of reaction�察�since all of the non´reactionary parties are 

prepared to sink their differences with the Bolsheviks�察�in order to defend 

the revolution as a whole。; He said he was convinced that the Bolsheviks 

would   either   have   to   alter   or   go。  He   read   me�察  �in   illustration   of   this�察  �a 

letter from a peasant showing the unreadiness of the peasantry to go into 

communes ��compulsion in this matter has already been discarded by the 

Central   Government��。          ;We   took   the   land�察─  �wrote   the   peasant   in   some 

such words�察 �not much�察�just   as much as we  could work�察�we ploughed   it 

where   it   had   not   been   ploughed   before�察  �and   now�察  �if   it   is   made   into   a 

commune�察  �other   lazy   fellows   who   have   done   nothing   will   come   in   and 

profit by our work。; Martov argued that life itself�察�the needs of the country 

and the will of the peasant masses�察 �would lead   to the  changes he   thinks 

desirable in the Soviet regime。 


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                                        RUSSIA IN 1919 



                     THE RIGHT SOCIAL 

                  REVOLUTIONARIES 



       The   position   of   the   Right   Social  Revolutionaries   is   a   good   deal 

more complicated than that of the Mensheviks。               In their later declarations 

they  are   as   far   from   their   romantic   anarchist   left   wing   as   they   are   from 

their   romantic     reactionary    extreme     right。   They     stand�察  �as  they   have 

always stood�察�for a Constituent Assembly�察�but they have thrown over the 

idea   of   instituting   a   Constituent   Assembly   by   force。    They   have   come 

into closer contact with the Allies than any other party to the left of the 

Cadets。 By doing so�察�by associating themselves with the Czech forces on 

the Volga and minor revolts of a reactionary character inside Russia�察�they 

have    pretty   badly   compromised       themselves。     Their     change    of  attitude 

towards   the   Soviet   Government   must not   be attributed   to   any  change   in 

their   own   programme�察  �but   to   the   realization   that   the   forces   which   they 

imagined      were    supporting    them    were    actually   being   used    to  support 

something       a  great  deal   further   right。   The     Printers'   Gazette�察  �a  non´ 

Bolshevik   organ�察     �printed   one   of  their   resolutions�察  �one   point  of  which 

demands the overthrow of the reactionary governments supported by the 

Allies or the Germans�察�and another condemns every attempt to overthrow 

the   Soviet   Government   by   force   of   arms�察  �on   the   ground   that   such   an 

attempt would weaken the working class as a whole and would be used by 

the reactionary groups for their own purposes。 



     Volsky   is   a   Right   Social   Revolutionary�察  �and   was   President   of   that 

Conference of Members of the Constituent Assembly from whose hands 

the Directorate which ruled in Siberia received its authority and Admiral 

Kolchak his command�察�his proper title being Commander of the Forces of 

the Constituent Assembly。           The Constituent Assembly members were to 

have   met   on   January   1st   of   this   year�察  �then   to   retake   authority   from   the 

Directorate   and     organize    a   government   on    an   All´Russian   basis。    But 

there was continual friction between the Directorate and the Conference of 

members       of   the   Constituent     Assembly�察    �the   Directorate     being    more 


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                                          RUSSIA IN 1919 



reactionary      than    they。   In    November       came     Kolchak's      coup    d'=82tat�察�

followed   by   a   declaration   against   him   and   an   appeal   for   his   overthrow 

issued by members of the Constituent Assembly。 Some were arrested by a 

group of officers。        A few are said to have been killed。 Kolchak�察�I think�察�

has    denied    responsibility      for  this�察 �and    probably     was    unaware     of   the 

intentions      of   the   reactionaries     under    his   command。         Others     of   the 

members   escaped   to   Ufa。        On   December   5th�察  �25   days   before   that   town 

was taken by the Bolsheviks�察�they announced their intention of no longer 

opposing   the   Soviet   Government   in   the   field。        After   the   capture   of   the 

town      by   the    Soviet    troops�察   �negotiations      were     begun     between      the 

representatives        of   the   Conference       of   Members        of   the   Constituent 

Assembly�察       �together     with     other    Right     Social    Revolutionaries�察       �and 

representatives of the Soviet Government�察�with a view to finding a basis 

for agreement。 The result of those negotiations was the resolution passed 

by    the   Executive      Committee       on   February     26th    ��see   page    166��。     A 

delegation of the members came to Moscow�察�and were quaintly housed in 

a huge room in the Metropole�察�where they had put up beds all round the 

walls and big   tables in the middle  of the  room for  their deliberations。 

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