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russia in 1919(1919議躯忽)-及28何蛍

弌傍�� russia in 1919(1919議躯忽) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




walls and big   tables in the middle  of the  room for  their deliberations。  It 

was in this room that I saw Volsky first�察�and afterwards in my own。 

       I asked him what exactly had brought him and all that he represented 

over   from   the   side   of   Kolchak   and   the  Allies   to   the   side   of   the   Soviet 

Government。   He   looked   me   straight   in   the   face�察  �and   said�此   �I'll   tell   you。 

We     were     convinced      by    many     facts   that   the    policy    of   the   Allied 

representatives in Siberia was directed not to strengthening the Constituent 

Assembly        against    the   Bolsheviks       and    the   Germans�察     �but   simply     to 

strengthening the reactionary forces behind our backs。; 

       He also complained�此 �All through last summer we were holding that 

front with the Czechs�察�being told that there were two divisions of Germans 

advancing   to   attack   us�察  �and   we   now   know   that   there   were   no   German 

troops in Russia at all。; 

       He criticized the Bolsheviks for being better makers of programmes 

than organizers。        They offered free electricity�察�and presently had to admit 

that   soon   there   would   be   no   electricity   for   lack   of   fuel。 They   did   not 

sufficiently   base   their   policy   on   the   study   of   actual   possibilities。    ;But 


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                                           RUSSIA IN 1919 



that they are really fighting against a bourgeois dictatorship is clear to us。 

We are�察�therefore�察�prepared to help them in every possible way。; 

        He said�察�further�此 �Intervention of any kind will prolong the regime of 

the    Bolsheviks       by   compelling       us   to   drop    opposition      to  the    Soviet 

Government�察  �although   we   do   not   like   it�察  �and   to   support   it   because   it   is 

defending the revolution。; 

        With    regard    to  help    given    to  individual      groups    or   governments 

fighting   against   Soviet   Russia�察  �Volsky   said   that   they   saw   no   difference 

between such intervention and intervention in the form of sending troops。 

        I asked what he thought would happen。                 He answered in almost the 

same   words   as   those   used   by   Martov�察  �that   life   itself   would   compel   the 

Bolsheviks   to   alter   their   policy   or   to   go。   Sooner   or   later   the   peasants 

would   make   their   will   felt�察  �and   they   were   against   the   bourgeoisie   and 

against   the   Bolsheviks。        No   bourgeois   reaction   could   win   permanently 

against   the   Soviet�察  �because   it   could   have   nothing   to   offer�察  �no   idea   for 

which people would fight。              If by any chance Kolchak�察�Denikin and Co。 

were   to   win�察  �they   would   have   to   kill   in   tens   of   thousands   where   the 

Bolsheviks   have   had   to   kill   in   hundreds�察  �and   the   result   would   be   the 

complete ruin and the collapse of Russia in anarchy。 ;Has not the Ukraine 

been enough to teach the Allies that even six months' occupation of                         non´ 

Bolshevik       territory   by   half   a  million     troops   has    merely    the   effect   of 

turning the population into Bolsheviks�拭─�


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                                        RUSSIA IN 1919 



       THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL 



     March 3rd。 

       One day near the end of February�察�Bucharin�察�hearing that I meant to 

leave    quite   soon�察  �said   rather  mysteriously�察     �Wait    a  few   days   longer�察�

because something of international importance is going to happen which 

will certainly be of interest for your history。; That was the only hint I got 

of   the   preparation   of   the   Third   International。  Bucharin   refused   to   say 

more。     On March 3rd Reinstein looked in about nine in the morning and 

said he had got me a guest's ticket for the conference in the Kremlin�察�and 

wondered why I had not been there the day before�察�when it had opened。                     I 

told him I knew nothing whatever about it�察�Litvinov and Karakhan�察�whom 

I had seen quite recently�察�had never mentioned it�察�and guessing that   this 

must be the secret at which Bucharin had hinted�察�I supposed that they had 

purposely  kept   silence。      I   therefore   rang   up   Litvinov�察  �and   asked   if   they 

had had any reason against my going。 He said that he had thought it would 

not interest me。      So I went。      The Conference was still a secret。           There 

was nothing about it in the morning papers。 

       The meeting was in a smallish room�察�with a dais at one end�察�in the old 

Courts   of   Justice   built   in   the   time   of   Catherine   the   Second�察  �who   would 

certainly have turned in her grave if she had known the use to which it was 

being put。      Two very smart soldiers of the Red Army were guarding the 

doors。     The    whole    room�察   �including    the   floor�察 �was   decorated     in  red。 

There   were   banners   with   ;Long   Live   the   Third   International;   inscribed 

upon them in many languages。             The Presidium was on the raised dais at 

the end of the room�察�Lenin sitting in the middle behind a long red´covered 

table with Albrecht�察�a young German Spartacist�察�on the right and Platten�察�

the Swiss�察�on the left。      The auditorium sloped down to the foot of the dais。 

Chairs were arranged on each side of an alleyway down the middle�察�and 

the   four   or   five   front   rows   had   little   tables   for   convenience   in   writing。 

Everybody        of  importance      was    there�察  �Trotzky�察    �Zinoviev�察   �Kamenev�察�

Chichern�察  �Bucharin�察  �Karakhan�察  �Litvinov�察  �Vorovsky�察  �Steklov�察          �Rakovsky�察�

representing   here   the   Balkan   Socialist   Party�察  �Skripnik�察  �representing   the 


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                                         RUSSIA IN 1919 



Ukraine。      Then there were Stang ��Norwegian Left Socialists���察�Grimlund 

��Swedish       Left���察  �Sadoul     ��France���察    �Finberg     ��British   Socialist    Party���察�

Reinstein ��American Socialist Labour Party���察�a Turk�察�a                 German´Austrian�察�

a Chinese�察�and so on。         Business was conducted and speeches were made 

in all languages�察�though where possible German was used�察�because more 

of the foreigners knew German than knew French。                   This was unlucky for 

me。 

       When I got there people were making reports about the situation in 

the  different   countries。     Finberg   spoke   in   English�察  �Rakovsky  in   French�察�

Sadoul   also。     Skripnik�察  �who�察  �being   asked�察  �refused   to   talk   German   and 

said he would speak in either   Ukrainian or Russia�察�and to most people's 

relief   chose    the  latter�察 �made    several    interesting   points   about    the  new 

revolution      in   the   Ukraine。      The     killing   of   the   leaders    under    the 

Skoropadsky regime had made no difference to the movement�察�and town 

after town was falling after internal revolt。 ��This was before they had Kiev 

and�察 �of   course�察 �long   before   they  had   taken   Odessa�察  �both   of   which   gains 

they confidently prophesied。�� The sharp lesson of German occupation had 

taught the Ukrainian Social Revolutionaries what their experiences during 

the    last  fifteen  months     had   taught    the  Russian�察    �and   all  parties   were 

working together。 

     But   the   real   interest   of   the   gathering   was   in   its   attitude   towards   the 

Berne conference。         Many letters had been received from members of that 

conference�察�Longuet for example�察�wishing that the Communists had been 

represented there�察�and the view taken at Moscow was that the left wing at 

Berne was   feeling   uncomfortable at   sitting   down with   Scheidemann   and 

Company�察  �let   them   definitely   break   with   them�察  �finish   with   the   Second 

International   and   join   the   Third。   It   was   clear   that   this   gathering   in   the 

Kremlin was meant as the nucleus of a new International opposed to that 

which had split into national groups�察�each supporting its own government 

in the prosecution of the war。         That was the leit motif of the whole affair。 

       Trotsky�察�in a leather coat�察�military breeches and gaiters�察�with a fur hat 

with   the   sign   of   the   Red   Army   in   front�察  �was   looking   very   well�察  �but   a 

strange figure for those who had known him as one of the greatest anti´ 

militarists     in  Europe。      Lenin      sat  quietly    listening�察   �speaking     when 


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                                           RUSSIA IN 1919 



necessary       in  almost     every    European      language      with   astonishing      ease。 

Balabanova   talked   about   Italy  and   seemed   happy   at   last�察  �even   in   Soviet 

Russia�察     �to   be   once    more     in   a   ;secret    meeting。;      It  was    really    an 

extraordinary   affair   and�察  �in   spite   of   some   childishness�察  �I   could   not   help 

realizing that I was present at something that will go down in the histories 

of socialism�察�much like that other strange meeting convened in London in 

1848。 

        The vital figures of the conference�察�not counting Platten�察�whom I do 

not   know   and   on   whom   I   can   express   no   opinion�察  �were   Lenin   and   the 

young German�察�Albrecht�察�who�察�fired no doubt by the events actually taking 

place     in  his   country�察   �spoke     with    brain   and    character。     The     German 

Austrian   also   seemed   a   real   man。        Rakovsky�察  �Skripnik�察  �and   Sirola   the 

Finn really represented something。               But there was a make´believe side to 

the whole affair�察�in which the English Left Socialists were represented by 

Finberg�察  �and   the   Americans   by   Reinstein�察  �neither   of   whom   had

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