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shortage in electricity。        I got my luggage upstairs to a very pleasant room 

on the fourth floor。 Every floor of that hotel had its memories for me。                       In 

this   room   lived   that   brave   reactionary   officer   who   boasted   that   he   had 

made a raid on the Bolsheviks and showed little Madame Kollontai's hat 

as   a   trophy。   In   this   I   used   to   listen   to   Perceval   Gibbon   when   he   was 

talking about how to write short stories and having influenza。                     There was 

the room where Miss Beatty used to give tea to tired revolutionaries and to 

still more tired enquirers into the nature of revolution while she wrote the 

only   book      that  has   so   far  appeared     which     gives   anything     like   a  true 

impresionist picture of those unforgettable days。* �В�*��;The Red Heart of 

Russia。;�А     �Close by was the room where poor Denis Garstin used to talk 

of the hunting he would have when the war should come to an end。 

        I enquired for a meal�察�and found that no food was to be had in the 

hotel�察�but they could supply hot water。              Then�察�to get an appetite for sleep�察�

I   went   out   for   a   short   walk�察  �though   I   did   not   much   like   doing   so   with 

nothing but an English passport�察�and with no papers to show that I had any 

right   to   be   there。  I   had�察  �like   the   other   foreigners�察  �been   promised   such 

papers but had not yet received them。               I went round to the Regina�察�which 

used   to   be   one   of   the   best   hotels   in   the   town�察  �but   those   of   us   who   had 

rooms there were complaining so bitterly that I did not stay with them�察�but 


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                                         RUSSIA IN 1919 



went   off   along   the   Moika   to   the   Nevsky   and   so   back   to   my   own   hotel。 

The streets�察�like the hotel�察�were only half lit�察�and hardly any of the houses 

had a lighted window。          In the old sheepskin coat I had worn on the front 

and in my high fur hat�察�I felt like some ghost of the old regime visiting a 

town long dead。         The silence and emptiness of the streets contributed to 

this effect。     Still�察�the few people I met or passed were talking cheerfully 

together and the rare   sledges   and motors had comparatively  good   roads�察�

the streets being   certainly  better   swept   and   cleaned than they  have   been 

since the last winter of the Russian Empire。 


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                                         RUSSIA IN 1919 



                                     SMOLNI 



     Early in the morning I got tea�察�and a bread card on which I was given a 

very small allowance of brown bread�察�noticeably better in quality than the 

compound of clay and straw which made me ill in Moscow last summer。 

Then I went to find Litvinov�察�and set out with him to walk to the Smolni 

institute�察  �once    a  school    for  the  daughters     of  the  aristocracy�察   �then   the 

headquarters       of   the    Soviet�察   �then    the   headquarters      of    the   Soviet 

Government�察  �and   finally�察  �after   the   Government's   evacuation   to   Moscow�察�

bequeathed   to   the   Northern   Commune   and   the   Petrograd   Soviet。            The 

town�察  �in   daylight�察  �seemed   less   deserted�察  �though   it   was   obvious   that   the 

;unloading;       of   the   Petrograd     population�察    �which     was    unsuccessfully 

attempted during the Kerensky regime�察�had been accomplished to a large 

extent。     This has been partly the result of famine and of the stoppage of 

factories�察�which in its turn is due to the impossibility of bringing fuel and 

raw   material   to   Petrograd。     A  very   large   proportion   of   Russian   factory 

hands   have   not�察  �as   in   other   countries�察  �lost   their   connection   with   their 

native    villages。     There     was   always     a  considerable      annual    migration 

backwards   and   forwards   between   the   villages   and   the   town�察  �and   great 

numbers of workmen have gone home�察�carrying with them the ideas of the 

revolution。      It   should   also   be   remembered   that   the   bulk   of   the   earlier 

formed units of the Red Army is composed of workmen from the towns 

who�察  �except   in   the   case   of   peasants   mobilized   in   districts   which   have 

experienced       an   occupation      by   the   counter´revolutionaries�察       �are   more 

determined   and   better   understand   the   need   for   discipline   than   the   men 

from the country。 

       The most noticeable thing in Petrograd to anyone returning after six 

months' absence is the complete disappearance of armed men。                      The town 

seems to have returned to a perfectly peaceable condition in the sense that 

the need for  revolutionary patrols has   gone。            Soldiers walking about   no 

longer carry their rifles�察�and the picturesque figures of the revolution who 

wore belts of machine´gun cartridges slung about their persons have gone。 

       The   second   noticeable   thing�察  �especially   in   the   Nevsky�察  �which   was 


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                                         RUSSIA IN 1919 



once crowded with people too fashionably dressed�察�is the general lack of 

new clothes。       I did not see anybody wearing clothes that looked less than 

two years old�察�with the exception of some officers and soldiers who are as 

well equipped nowadays as at the beginning of the war。 Petrograd ladies 

were particularly fond of boots�察�and of boots there is an extreme shortage。 

I   saw   one   young   woman   in   a   well´preserved�察  �obviously   costly   fur   coat�察�

and beneath it straw shoes with linen wrappings。 

       We had started rather late�察�so we took a train half´way up the Nevsky。 

The tram conductors are still women。               The price of tickets has risen to a 

rouble�察�usually�察�I noticed�察�paid in stamps。            It used to be ten kopecks。 

       The armoured car which used to stand at the entrance of Smolni has 

disappeared   and   been   replaced   by   a   horrible   statue   of   Karl   Marx�察  �who 

stands�察   �thick   and    heavy�察  �on   a  stout   pedestal�察   �holding    behind    him    an 

enormous   top´hat   like   the   muzzle   of   an   eighteen´inch   gun。         The   only 

signs   of   preparations   for   defence   that   remain   are   the   pair   of   light   field 

guns which�察�rather the worse for weather�察�still stand under the pillars of the 

portico which they would probably shake to pieces if ever they should be 

fired。    Inside the routine was as it used to be�察�and when I turned down the 

passage to get my permit to go upstairs�察�I could hardly believe that I had 

been away for so long。           The place is emptier than it was。            There is not 

the   same   eager   crowd   of   country   delegates   pressing   up   and   down   the 

corridors and collecting literature from the stalls that I used to see in the 

old days when the serious little workman from the Viborg side stood guard 

over Trotsky's door�察 �and from the   alcove with its   window looking down 

into   the   great   hall�察  �the   endless   noise   of   debate   rose   from   the   Petrograd 

Soviet that met below。 

       Litvinov invited me to have dinner with the Petrograd Commissars�察�

which   I   was   very   glad   to   do�察  �partly   because   I   was   hungry   and   partly 

because   I   thought   it   would   be   better   to   meet   Zinoviev   thus   than   in   any 

other manner�察�remembering how sourly he had looked upon me earlier in 

the revolution。      Zinoviev is a Jew�察�with a lot of hair�察�a round smooth face�察�

and a very abrupt manner。           He was against the November Revolution�察�but 

when it had been accomplished returned to his old allegiance to Lenin and�察�

becoming   President   of   the   Northern   Commune�察  �remained   in   Petrograd 


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                                         RUSSIA IN 1919 



when      the  Government       moved     to   Moscow。      He    is  neither   an   original 

thinker nor a good orator except in debate�察�in answering opposition�察�which 

he does with extreme skill。           His nerve was badly shaken by the murders 

of his friends Volodarsky and Uritzky last year�察�and he is said to have lost 

his head after the attack on Lenin�察�to whom he is extremely devoted。                         I 

have   heard   many   Communists   attribute   to   this   fact   the   excesses   which 

followed   that   event   in   Petrograd。      I   have   never   noticed   anything   that 

would   make   me   consider   him   pro´German�察  �though   of   course   he   is   pro´ 

Marx。 He has�察�however�察�a decided prejudice against the English。                     He was 

among   the   Communists   who   put   difficulties   in   my   way   as   a   ;bourgeois 

journalist; in the earlier days of the revolution�察�and I had heard that he had 

expressed suspicion and disapproval of Radek's intimacy with me。 

        I was amused to see his face when he came in and saw me sitting at 

the   table。   Litvinov   introduced   me   to   him�察  �very   tactfully   telling   him   of 

Lockhart's attack upon me�察�whereupon he became quite decently friendly�察�

and said that if I could stay a few days in Petrograd on my way back from 

Moscow he would see that I had access to the historical material I wanted�察�

about the doings of the Petrograd Soviet during the time I had been away。 

I told him I was surprised to find him here and not at Kronstadt�察�and asked 

about   the   mutiny   and   the   treachery   of   the   Semenovsky   regiment。   There 

was     a   shout   of   laughter�察   �and    Pozern    explained      that  there    was    no 

Semenovsky regiment in existence�察�and that the manufacturers of the story�察�

every word of which was a lie�察�had no doubt tried to give realism

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