kwaidan-stories and studies of strange things(謎霧)-及22何蛍
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
For the same reason that it is considered wicked�察�in sundry circles�察�to
speak of a non´Christian people having produced a civilization ethically
superior to our own�察 �certain persons will not be pleased by what I am
going to say about ants。 But there are men�察�incomparably wiser than I can
ever hope to be�察�who think about insects and civilizations independently of
the blessings of Christianity�察 �and I find encouragement in the new
Cambridge Natural History�察 �which contains the following remarks by
Professor David Sharp�察�concerning ants�此�
;Observation has revealed the most remarkable phenomena in the lives
of these insects。 Indeed we can scarcely avoid the conclusion that they
have acquired�察 �in many respects�察 �the art of living together in societies
more perfectly than our own species has�察�and that they have anticipated us
in the acquisition of some of the industries and arts that greatly facilitate
social life。;
I suppose that a few well´informed persons will dispute this plain
statement by a trained specialist。 The contemporary man of science is not
apt to become sentimental about ants or bees�察�but he will not hesitate to
acknowledge that�察 �in regard to social evolution�察 �these insects appear to
have advanced ;beyond man。; Mr。 Herbert Spencer�察 �whom nobody will
charge with romantic tendencies�察�goes considerably further than Professor
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Sharp�察�showing us that ants are�察�in a very real sense�察�ethically as well as
economically in advance of humanity�察�their lives being entirely devoted
to altruistic ends。 Indeed�察�Professor Sharp somewhat needlessly qualifies
his praise of the ant with this cautious observation�此�
;The competence of the ant is not like that of man。 It is devoted to the
welfare of the species rather than to that of the individual�察�which is�察�as it
were�察�sacrificed or specialized for the benefit of the community。;
The obvious implication�察 �that any social state�察 �in which the
improvement of the individual is sacrificed to the common welfare�察�leaves
much to be desired�察 �is probably correct�察 �from the actual human
standpoint。 For man is yet imperfectly evolved�察 �and human society has
much to gain from his further individualization。 But in regard to social
insects the implied criticism is open to question。 ;The improvement of the
individual�察─�says Herbert Spencer�察 �consists in the better fitting of him for
social cooperation�察 �and this�察 �being conducive to social prosperity�察 �is
conducive to the maintenance of the race。; In other words�察�the value of the
individual can be only in relation to the society�察�and this granted�察�whether
the sacrifice of the individual for the sake of that society be good or evil
must depend upon what the society might gain or lose through a further
individualization of its members。。。 But as we shall presently see�察 �the
conditions of ant´society that most deserve our attention are the ethical
conditions�察�and these are beyond human criticism�察�since they realize that
ideal of moral evolution described by Mr。 Spencer as ;a state in which
egoism and altruism are so conciliated that the one merges into the other。;
That is to say�察�a state in which the only possible pleasure is the pleasure of
unselfish action。 Or�察 �again to quote Mr。 Spencer�察 �the activities of the
insect´society are ;activities which postpone individual well´being so
completely to the well´being of the community that individual life appears
to be attended to only just so far as is necessary to make possible due
attention to social life�察�。。 the individual taking only just such food and just
such rest as are needful to maintain its vigor。;
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III
I hope my reader is aware that ants practise horticulture and
agriculture�察�that they are skillful in the cultivation of mushrooms�察�that they
have domesticated ��according to present knowledge�� five hundred and
eighty´four different kinds of animals�察 �that they make tunnels through
solid rock�察 �that they know how to provide against atmospheric changes
which might endanger the health of their children�察 �and that�察 �for insects�察�
their longevity is exceptional�察 �members of the more highly evolved
species living for a considerable number of years。
But it is not especially of these matters that I wish to speak。 What I
want to talk about is the awful propriety�察�the terrible morality�察�of the ant
��1�А� Our most appalling ideals of conduct fall short of the ethics of the
ant�察�as progress is reckoned in time�察�by nothing less than millions of
years� �。。 When I say ;the ant�察─ �I mean the highest type of ant�察 �not�察 �of
course�察 �the entire ant´family。 About two thousand species of ants are
already known�察 �and these exhibit�察 �in their social organizations�察 �widely
varying degrees of evolution。 Certain social phenomena of the greatest
biological importance�察�and of no less importance in their strange relation
to the subject of ethics�察�can be studied to advantage only in the existence
of the most highly evolved societies of ants。
After all that has been written of late years about the probable value of
relative experience in the long life of the ant�察�I suppose that few persons
would venture to deny individual character to the ant。 The intelligence of
the little creature in meeting and overcoming difficulties of a totally new
kind�察�and in adapting itself to conditions entirely foreign to its experience�察�
proves a considerable power of independent thinking。 But this at least is
certain�此�that the ant has no individuality capable of being exercised in a
purely selfish direction�察 �I am using the word ;selfish; in its ordinary
acceptation。 A greedy ant�察�a sensual ant�察�an ant capable of any one of the
seven deadly sins�察�or even of a small venial sin�察�is unimaginable。 Equally
unimaginable�察�of course�察�a romantic ant�察�an ideological ant�察�a poetical ant�察�
or an ant inclined to metaphysical speculations。 No human mind could
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attain to the absolute matter´of´fact quality of the ant´mind�察 �no human
being�察 �as now constituted�察 �could cultivate a mental habit so impeccably
practical as that of the ant。 But this superlatively practical mind is
incapable of moral error。 It would be difficult�察�perhaps�察�to prove that the
ant has no religious ideas。 But it is certain that such ideas could not be of
any use to it。 The being incapable of moral weakness is beyond the need
of ;spiritual guidance。;
Only in a vague way can we conceive the character of ant´society�察�and
the nature of ant´morality�察 �and to do even this we must try to imagine
some yet impossible state of human society and human morals。 Let us�察�
then�察�imagine a world full of people incessantly and furiously working�察�
all of whom seem to be women。 No one of these women could be
persuaded or deluded into taking a single atom of food more than is
needful to maintain her strength�察�and no one of them ever sleeps a second
longer than is necessary to keep her nervous system in good working´
order。 And all of them are so peculiarly constituted that the least
unnecessary indulgence would result in some derangement of function。
The work daily performed by these female laborers comprises road´
making�察 �bridge´building�察 �timber´cutting�察 �architectural construction of
numberless kinds�察�horticulture and agriculture�察�the feeding and sheltering
of a hundred varieties of domestic animals�察 �the manufacture of sundry
chemical products�察�the storage and conservation of countless food´stuffs�察�
and the care of the children of the race。 All this labor is done for the
commonwealth no citizen of which is capable even of thinking about
;property�察─ �except as a res publica�察 �and the sole object of the
commonwealth is the nurture and training of its young�察 �nearly all of
whom are girls。 The period of infancy is long�此�the children remain for a
great while�察 �not only helpless�察 �but shapeless�察 �and withal so delicate that
they must be very carefully guarded against the least change of
temperature。 Fortunately their nurses understand the laws of health�此�each
thoroughly knows all that she ought to know in regard to ventilation�察�
disinfection�察�drainage�察�moisture�察�and the danger of germs�察�germs being as
visible�察 �perha