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kwaidan-stories and studies of strange things(謎霧)-及22何蛍

弌傍�� kwaidan-stories and studies of strange things(謎霧) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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        For the same reason that it is considered wicked�察�in sundry circles�察�to 

speak of   a  non´Christian   people  having   produced   a   civilization   ethically 

superior   to   our   own�察  �certain   persons   will   not   be   pleased   by   what   I   am 

going to say about ants。 But there are men�察�incomparably wiser than I can 

ever hope to be�察�who think about insects and civilizations independently of 

the    blessings     of  Christianity�察     �and   I  find   encouragement         in   the  new 

Cambridge        Natural     History�察   �which    contains     the  following      remarks     by 

Professor David Sharp�察�concerning ants�此�



     ;Observation has revealed the most remarkable phenomena in the lives 

of   these   insects。   Indeed   we   can   scarcely   avoid   the   conclusion   that   they 

have   acquired�察  �in   many   respects�察  �the   art   of   living   together   in   societies 

more perfectly than our own species has�察�and that they have anticipated us 

in the acquisition of some of the industries and arts that greatly facilitate 

social life。; 



     I   suppose   that   a   few   well´informed   persons   will   dispute   this   plain 

statement by a trained specialist。 The contemporary man of science is not 

apt to become sentimental about ants or bees�察�but he will not hesitate to 

acknowledge   that�察  �in   regard   to   social   evolution�察  �these   insects   appear   to 

have   advanced   ;beyond   man。;   Mr。   Herbert   Spencer�察  �whom   nobody   will 

charge with romantic tendencies�察�goes considerably further than Professor 



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Sharp�察�showing us that ants are�察�in a very real sense�察�ethically as well as 

economically in advance of humanity�察�their lives being entirely devoted 

to altruistic ends。 Indeed�察�Professor Sharp somewhat needlessly qualifies 

his praise of the ant with this cautious observation�此�



     ;The competence of the ant is not like that of man。 It is devoted to the 

welfare of the species rather than to that of the individual�察�which is�察�as it 

were�察�sacrificed or specialized for the benefit of the community。; 



        The    obvious     implication�察     �that  any    social   state�察  �in  which     the 

improvement of the individual is sacrificed to the common welfare�察�leaves 

much      to   be   desired�察    �is  probably      correct�察   �from    the   actual    human 

standpoint。   For   man   is   yet   imperfectly   evolved�察  �and   human   society   has 

much   to   gain   from   his   further   individualization。   But   in   regard   to   social 

insects the implied criticism is open to question。 ;The improvement of the 

individual�察─�says Herbert Spencer�察 �consists in the better fitting of him for 

social     cooperation�察     �and   this�察 �being    conducive      to   social   prosperity�察    �is 

conducive to the maintenance of the race。; In other words�察�the value of the 

individual can be only in relation to the society�察�and this granted�察�whether 

the sacrifice of the individual for the sake of that society be good or evil 

must depend upon what the society might gain or lose through a further 

individualization        of  its  members。。。      But   as  we    shall   presently    see�察  �the 

conditions   of   ant´society   that   most   deserve   our   attention   are   the   ethical 

conditions�察�and these are beyond human criticism�察�since they realize that 

ideal   of   moral   evolution   described   by   Mr。   Spencer   as   ;a   state   in   which 

egoism and altruism are so conciliated that the one merges into the other。; 

That is to say�察�a state in which the only possible pleasure is the pleasure of 

unselfish   action。   Or�察  �again   to   quote      Mr。   Spencer�察  �the   activities   of    the 

insect´society       are  ;activities    which     postpone     individual     well´being      so 

completely to the well´being of the community that individual life appears 

to   be   attended   to   only   just   so   far   as   is   necessary   to   make   possible   due 

attention to social life�察�。。 the individual taking only just such food and just 

such rest as are needful to maintain its vigor。; 



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                                                 III 



        I  hope    my     reader    is  aware     that   ants   practise     horticulture     and 

agriculture�察�that they are skillful in the cultivation of mushrooms�察�that they 

have   domesticated   ��according   to   present   knowledge��   five   hundred   and 

eighty´four   different   kinds   of   animals�察  �that   they   make   tunnels   through 

solid   rock�察  �that   they   know   how   to   provide   against   atmospheric   changes 

which   might   endanger   the   health   of   their   children�察  �and   that�察  �for   insects�察�

their    longevity     is  exceptional�察    �members       of  the   more    highly    evolved 

species living for a considerable number of years。 

        But it is not especially of these matters that I wish to speak。 What I 

want to talk about is the awful propriety�察�the terrible morality�察�of the ant 

��1�А�   Our   most   appalling   ideals   of   conduct   fall   short   of   the   ethics   of   the 

ant�察�as progress is reckoned in time�察�by nothing less than millions of 

years� �。。   When   I   say   ;the   ant�察─  �I   mean   the   highest   type   of   ant�察  �not�察  �of 

course�察    �the   entire   ant´family。     About     two   thousand      species    of  ants   are 

already   known�察  �and   these   exhibit�察  �in   their   social   organizations�察  �widely 

varying   degrees   of   evolution。   Certain   social   phenomena   of   the   greatest 

biological importance�察�and of no less importance in their strange relation 

to the subject of ethics�察�can be studied to advantage only in the existence 

of the most highly evolved societies of ants。 



     After all that has been written of late years about the probable value of 

relative experience in the long life of the ant�察�I suppose that few persons 

would venture to deny individual character to the ant。 The intelligence of 

the little creature in meeting and overcoming difficulties of a totally new 

kind�察�and in adapting itself to conditions entirely foreign to its experience�察�

proves a considerable power of independent thinking。 But this at least is 

certain�此�that   the ant has no   individuality capable   of being   exercised in   a 

purely   selfish   direction�察  �I   am   using   the   word   ;selfish;   in   its   ordinary 

acceptation。 A greedy ant�察�a sensual ant�察�an ant capable of any one of the 

seven deadly sins�察�or even of a small venial sin�察�is unimaginable。 Equally 

unimaginable�察�of course�察�a romantic ant�察�an ideological ant�察�a poetical ant�察�

or   an   ant   inclined   to   metaphysical   speculations。   No   human   mind   could 



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attain   to   the  absolute   matter´of´fact quality  of   the  ant´mind�察 �no   human 

being�察  �as   now   constituted�察  �could   cultivate   a   mental   habit   so   impeccably 

practical     as   that   of   the  ant。   But    this   superlatively      practical    mind     is 

incapable of moral error。 It would be difficult�察�perhaps�察�to prove that the 

ant has no religious ideas。 But it is certain that such ideas could not be of 

any use to it。 The being incapable of moral weakness is beyond the need 

of ;spiritual guidance。; 



     Only in a vague way can we conceive the character of ant´society�察�and 

the   nature   of   ant´morality�察  �and   to   do   even   this   we   must   try   to   imagine 

some   yet   impossible   state   of   human   society   and   human   morals。   Let   us�察�

then�察�imagine a world full of people incessantly and furiously working�察�

all   of   whom      seem    to   be   women。      No    one   of   these   women       could    be 

persuaded   or   deluded   into   taking   a   single   atom   of   food   more   than            is 

needful to maintain her strength�察�and no one of them ever sleeps a second 

longer   than   is   necessary   to   keep   her   nervous   system   in   good   working´ 

order。     And     all  of   them     are   so   peculiarly     constituted      that   the   least 

unnecessary indulgence would result in some derangement of function。 

        The work daily performed by these female laborers comprises road´ 

making�察      �bridge´building�察       �timber´cutting�察      �architectural     construction       of 

numberless kinds�察�horticulture and agriculture�察�the feeding and sheltering 

of   a   hundred   varieties   of   domestic   animals�察  �the   manufacture   of   sundry 

chemical products�察�the storage and conservation of countless food´stuffs�察�

and   the   care   of   the   children   of   the   race。   All   this   labor   is   done   for   the 

commonwealth      no   citizen   of   which   is   capable   even of   thinking   about 

;property�察─      �except     as   a   res   publica�察    �and    the    sole   object     of   the 

commonwealth   is   the   nurture   and   training   of   its   young�察  �nearly   all   of 

whom are girls。 The period of infancy is long�此�the children remain for a 

great   while�察 �not   only  helpless�察 �but   shapeless�察  �and   withal   so   delicate   that 

they     must     be   very     carefully     guarded      against    the    least   change      of 

temperature。 Fortunately their nurses understand the laws of health�此�each 

thoroughly   knows   all   that   she   ought   to   know   in   regard   to   ventilation�察�

disinfection�察�drainage�察�moisture�察�and the danger of germs�察�germs being as 

visible�察  �perha

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