kwaidan-stories and studies of strange things(謎霧)-及24何蛍
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
punishment no civilization could exist。 We have been taught to think
that in the absence of laws based upon moral ideas�察�and in the absence of
an effective police to enforce such laws�察 �nearly everybody would seek
only his or her personal advantage�察�to the disadvantage of everybody else。
The strong would then destroy the weak�察 �pity and sympathy would
disappear�察 �and the whole social fabric would fall to pieces。。。 These
teachings confess the existing imperfection of human nature�察 �and they
contain obvious truth。 But those who first proclaimed that truth�察�thousands
and thousands of years ago�察�never imagined a form of social existence in
which selfishness would be naturally impossible。 It remained for
irreligious Nature to furnish us with proof positive that there can exist a
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society in which the pleasure of active beneficence makes needless the
idea of duty�察 �a society in which instinctive morality can dispense with
ethical codes of every sort�察�a society of which every member is born so
absolutely unselfish�察�and so energetically good�察�that moral training could
signify�察�even for its youngest�察�neither more nor less than waste of precious
time。
To the Evolutionist such facts necessarily suggest that the value of our
moral idealism is but temporary�察 �and that something better than virtue�察�
better than kindness�察 �better than self´denial�察 �in the present human
meaning of those terms�察 �might�察 �under certain conditions�察 �eventually
replace them。 He finds himself obliged to face the question whether a
world without moral notions might not be morally better than a world in
which conduct is regulated by such notions。 He must even ask himself
whether the existence of religious commandments�察�moral laws�察�and ethical
standards among ourselves does not prove us still in a very primitive stage
of social evolution。 And these questions naturally lead up to another�此�Will
humanity ever be able�察�on this planet�察�to reach an ethical condition beyond
all its ideals�察�a condition in which everything that we now call evil will
have been atrophied out of existence�察 �and everything that we call virtue
have been transmuted into instinct�察�a state of altruism in which ethical
concepts and codes will have become as useless as they would be�察�even
now�察�in the societies of the higher ants。
The giants of modern thought have given some attention to this
question�察 �and the greatest among them has answered it partly in the
affirmative。 Herbert Spencer has expressed his belief that humanity will
arrive at some state of civilization ethically comparable with that of the
ant�此�
;If we have�察�in lower orders of creatures�察�cases in which the nature is
constitutionally so modified that altruistic activities have become one with
egoistic activities�察 �there is an irresistible implication that a parallel
identification will�察 �under parallel conditions�察 �take place among human
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beings。 Social insects furnish us with instances completely to the point�察�
and instances showing us�察�indeed�察�to what a marvelous degree the life of
the individual may be absorbed in subserving the lives of other
individuals。。。 Neither the ant nor the bee can be supposed to have a sense
of duty�察�in the acceptation we give to that word�察�nor can it be supposed
that it is continually undergoing self´sacrifice�察�in the ordinary acceptation
of that word。。。 ��The facts�А �show us that it is within the possibilities of
organization to produce a nature which shall be just as energetic in the
pursuit of altruistic ends�察 �as is in other cases shown in the pursuit of
egoistic ends�察�and they show that�察�in such cases�察�these altruistic ends are
pursued in pursuing ends which�察�on their other face�察�are egoistic。 For the
satisfaction of the needs of the organization�察 �these actions�察 �conducive to
the welfare of others�察�must be carried on。。。
。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。
;So far from its being true that there must go on�察 �throughout all the
futur e�察�a condition in which self´regard is to be continually subjected by
the regard for others�察 �it will�察 �contrari´wise�察 �be the case that a regard for
others will eventually become so large a source of pleasure as to overgrow
the pleasure which is derivable from direct egoistic gratification。。。
Eventually�察�then�察�there will come also a state in which egoism and altruism
are so conciliated that the one merges in the other。;
VI
Of course the foregoing prediction does not imply that human nature
will ever undergo such physiological change as would be represented by
structural specializations comparable to those by which the various castes
of insect societies are differentiated。 We are not bidden to imagine a future
state of humanity in which the active majority would consist of semi´
female workers and Amazons toiling for an inactive minority of selected
Mothers。 Even in his chapter�察 �Human Population in the Future�察─ �Mr。
Spencer has attempted no detailed statement of the physical modifications
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inevitable to the production of higher moral types�察 �though his general
statement in regard to a perfected nervous system�察�and a great diminution
of human fertility�察�suggests that such moral evolution would signify a very
considerable amount of physical change。 If it be legitimate to believe in a
future humanity to which the pleasure of mutual beneficence will
represent the whole joy of life�察�would it not also be legitimate to imagine
other transformations�察 �physical and moral�察 �which the facts of insect´
biology have proved to be within the range of evolutional possibility�拭�。。 I
do not know。 I most worshipfully reverence Herbert Spencer as the
greatest philosopher who has yet appeared in this world�察�and I should be
very sorry to write down anything contrary to his teaching�察�in such wise
that the reader could imagine it to have been inspired by Synthetic
Philosophy。 For the ensuing reflections�察�I alone am responsible�察�and if I err�察�
let the sin be upon my own head。
I suppose that the moral transformations predicted by Mr。 Spencer�察�
could be effected only with the aid of physiological change�察 �and at a
terrible cost。 Those ethical conditions manifested by insect´societies can
have been reached only through effort desperately sustained for millions
of years against the most atrocious necessities。 Necessities equally
merciless may have to be met and mastered eventually by the human race。
Mr。 Spencer has shown that the time of the greatest possible human
suffering is yet to come�察�and that it will be concomitant with the period of
the greatest possible pressure of population。 Among other results of that
long stress�察 �I understand that there will be a vast increase in human
intelligence and sympathy�察�and that this increases of intelligence will be
effected at the cost of human fertility。 But this decline in reproductive
power will not�察 �we are told�察 �be sufficient to assure the very highest of
social conditions�此�it will only relieve that pressure of population which has
been the main cause of human suffering。 The state of perfect social
equilibrium will be approached�察�but never quite reached�察�by mankind
Unless there be discovered some means of solving economic problems�察�
just as social insects have solved them�察�by the suppression of sex´life。
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Supposing that such a discovery were made�察�and that the human race
should decide to arrest the development of six in the majority of its
young�察�so as to effect a transferrence of those forces�察�now demanded by
sex´life to the development of higher activities�察�might not the result be
an eventual state of polymorphism�察�like that of ants�拭�And�察�in such event�察�
might not the Coming Race be indeed represented in its higher types�察�
through feminine rather than masculine evolution�察 �by a majority of
beings of neither sex�拭�
Considering how many persons�察 �even now�察 �through merely unselfish
��not to speak of religious�� motives�察 �sentence themselves to celibacy�察 �it
should not appear improbably that a more highly evolved humanity would
cheerfully sacrifice a large proportion of its sex´life for the common weal�察�
particular ly in view of certain advantages t