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kwaidan-stories and studies of strange things(謎霧)-及24何蛍

弌傍�� kwaidan-stories and studies of strange things(謎霧) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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punishment      no   civilization   could   exist。  We   have   been   taught   to   think 

that in the absence of laws based upon moral ideas�察�and in the absence of 

an   effective   police   to   enforce   such   laws�察  �nearly   everybody   would   seek 

only his or her personal advantage�察�to the disadvantage of everybody else。 

The     strong    would     then   destroy     the  weak�察    �pity   and   sympathy       would 

disappear�察     �and    the   whole    social    fabric   would     fall  to   pieces。。。   These 

teachings   confess   the   existing   imperfection   of   human   nature�察  �and   they 

contain obvious truth。 But those who first proclaimed that truth�察�thousands 

and thousands of years ago�察�never imagined a form of social existence in 

which      selfishness      would     be    naturally     impossible。      It   remained      for 

irreligious Nature to furnish us with proof positive that there can exist a 



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society   in   which   the   pleasure   of   active   beneficence   makes   needless   the 

idea   of duty�察  �a   society  in   which instinctive   morality  can   dispense   with 

ethical codes of every sort�察�a society of which every member is born so 

absolutely unselfish�察�and so energetically good�察�that moral training could 

signify�察�even for its youngest�察�neither more nor less than waste of precious 

time。 



     To the Evolutionist such facts necessarily suggest that the value of our 

moral   idealism   is   but   temporary�察  �and   that   something   better   than   virtue�察�

better    than    kindness�察   �better   than    self´denial�察   �in  the   present    human 

meaning       of  those   terms�察   �might�察   �under    certain   conditions�察    �eventually 

replace   them。   He   finds   himself   obliged   to   face   the   question   whether   a 

world without moral notions might not be morally better than a world in 

which   conduct   is   regulated   by   such   notions。   He   must   even   ask   himself 

whether the existence of religious commandments�察�moral laws�察�and ethical 

standards among ourselves does not prove us still in a very primitive stage 

of social evolution。 And these questions naturally lead up to another�此�Will 

humanity ever be able�察�on this planet�察�to reach an ethical condition beyond 

all its ideals�察�a condition in which everything that we now call evil will 

have   been   atrophied   out   of   existence�察 �and   everything   that   we   call   virtue 

have been transmuted into instinct�察�a state of altruism in which ethical 

concepts and codes will have become as useless as they would be�察�even 

now�察�in the societies of the higher ants。 



     The     giants   of  modern      thought    have    given    some    attention    to  this 

question�察  �and   the   greatest   among   them   has   answered   it      partly   in   the 

affirmative。   Herbert   Spencer   has   expressed   his   belief   that   humanity  will 

arrive   at   some   state   of   civilization   ethically  comparable   with that   of   the 

ant�此�



     ;If we have�察�in lower orders of creatures�察�cases in which the nature is 

constitutionally so modified that altruistic activities have become one with 

egoistic     activities�察  �there   is   an   irresistible   implication     that   a  parallel 

identification   will�察  �under   parallel   conditions�察  �take   place   among   human 



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beings。 Social insects furnish us with instances completely to the point�察�

and instances showing us�察�indeed�察�to what a marvelous degree the life of 

the    individual      may     be   absorbed      in   subserving      the    lives   of   other 

individuals。。。 Neither the ant nor the bee can be supposed to have a sense 

of duty�察�in the acceptation we give to that word�察�nor can it be supposed 

that it is continually undergoing self´sacrifice�察�in the ordinary acceptation 

of   that   word。。。   ��The   facts�А  �show   us   that   it   is   within   the   possibilities   of 

organization   to   produce   a   nature   which   shall   be   just   as   energetic   in   the 

pursuit   of   altruistic   ends�察  �as   is   in   other   cases   shown   in   the   pursuit   of 

egoistic ends�察�and they show that�察�in such cases�察�these altruistic ends are 

pursued in pursuing ends which�察�on their other face�察�are egoistic。 For the 

satisfaction   of the needs of the   organization�察 �these   actions�察 �conducive   to 

the welfare of others�察�must be carried on。。。 

     。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 



     ;So   far  from  its being   true   that   there  must   go on�察 �throughout   all   the 

futur e�察�a condition in which self´regard is to be continually subjected by 

the regard   for others�察  �it   will�察  �contrari´wise�察  �be the   case   that   a   regard   for 

others will eventually become so large a source of pleasure as to overgrow 

the    pleasure     which     is   derivable     from     direct   egoistic     gratification。。。 

Eventually�察�then�察�there will come also a state in which egoism and altruism 

are so conciliated that the one merges in the other。; 



                                                 VI 



        Of course the foregoing prediction does not imply that human nature 

will ever undergo such physiological change as would be represented by 

structural specializations comparable to those by which the various castes 

of insect societies are differentiated。 We are not bidden to imagine a future 

state   of   humanity   in   which   the   active   majority   would   consist   of   semi´ 

female workers and Amazons toiling for an inactive minority of selected 

Mothers。   Even   in   his   chapter�察   �Human   Population   in   the   Future�察─  �Mr。 

Spencer has attempted no detailed statement of the physical modifications 



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inevitable   to   the   production   of   higher   moral   types�察  �though   his   general 

statement in regard to a perfected nervous system�察�and a great diminution 

of human fertility�察�suggests that such moral evolution would signify a very 

considerable amount of physical change。 If it be legitimate to believe in a 

future     humanity      to   which     the   pleasure     of  mutual     beneficence       will 

represent the whole joy of life�察�would it not also be legitimate to imagine 

other     transformations�察     �physical     and   moral�察   �which    the   facts   of  insect´ 

biology have proved to be within the range of evolutional possibility�拭�。。 I 

do    not   know。     I  most    worshipfully     reverence      Herbert    Spencer     as   the 

greatest philosopher who has yet appeared in this world�察�and I should be 

very sorry to write down anything contrary to his teaching�察�in such wise 

that    the  reader    could    imagine     it  to  have    been    inspired    by   Synthetic 

Philosophy。 For the ensuing reflections�察�I alone am responsible�察�and if I err�察�

let the sin be upon my own head。 



     I   suppose   that   the   moral   transformations   predicted   by   Mr。   Spencer�察�

could   be   effected   only   with   the   aid   of   physiological   change�察  �and   at   a 

terrible   cost。 Those   ethical   conditions   manifested   by  insect´societies   can 

have been reached only through effort desperately sustained for millions 

of    years    against    the   most    atrocious     necessities。     Necessities     equally 

merciless may have to be met and mastered eventually by the human race。 

Mr。    Spencer     has   shown     that   the  time   of   the  greatest    possible    human 

suffering is yet to come�察�and that it will be concomitant with the period of 

the greatest possible pressure   of population。 Among other   results of that 

long     stress�察 �I  understand     that   there   will  be   a  vast   increase    in  human 

intelligence and sympathy�察�and that this increases of intelligence will be 

effected   at   the   cost   of   human   fertility。   But   this   decline   in   reproductive 

power   will   not�察  �we   are   told�察  �be   sufficient   to   assure   the   very   highest   of 

social conditions�此�it will only relieve that pressure of population which has 

been     the   main    cause   of   human     suffering。    The    state  of   perfect   social 

equilibrium will be approached�察�but never quite reached�察�by mankind  



     Unless there be discovered some means of solving economic problems�察�

just as social insects have solved them�察�by the suppression of sex´life。 



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     Supposing that such a discovery were made�察�and that the human race 

should     decide    to  arrest   the  development       of   six  in  the  majority     of  its 

young�察�so as to effect a transferrence of those forces�察�now demanded by 

sex´life to the development of higher activities�察�might not the result be 

an eventual state of polymorphism�察�like that of ants�拭�And�察�in such event�察�

might   not   the   Coming   Race   be   indeed   represented   in   its   higher   types�察�

through      feminine     rather   than   masculine     evolution�察    �by   a  majority    of 

beings of neither sex�拭�



     Considering   how  many  persons�察 �even   now�察 �through   merely  unselfish 

��not   to   speak   of   religious��   motives�察  �sentence   themselves   to   celibacy�察  �it 

should not appear improbably that a more highly evolved humanity would 

cheerfully sacrifice a large proportion of its sex´life for the common weal�察�

particular ly in view of certain advantages t

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