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及10何蛍

a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村)-及10何蛍

弌傍�� a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




contemporaries。 But if Rhys Davids be correct�察�as I think he is�察�in fixing 

the date of Buddha's death within a few years of 412 B。C。 ��see Manual�察�p。 

213���察�not to speak of Westergaard's still lower date�察�then the Buddha was 

very considerably the junior of Confucius。 

     ��9�А  �This    confirms    the   words    of   Eitel�察 �that   Maitreya     is  already 

controlling the propagation of the faith。 

     ��10�А�The Chinese characters for this simply mean ;the great scholar or 

officer�察─�but see Eitel's Handbook�察�p。 99�察�on the term purusha。 

     ��11�А   �The   precious   Buddha�察─   �the   precious   Law�察─  �and   ;the   precious 

Monkhood�察─�Buddha�察�Dharma�察�and Sangha�察�the whole being equivalent to 

Buddhism。 

     ��12�А  �Fa´hien   thus   endorses   the   view   that   Buddhism   was   introduced 

into China in this reign�察�A。D。 58´75。 The emperor had his dream in A。D。 

61。 



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                            CHAPTER VIII 



       WOO´CHANG�察          �OR    UDYANA。         MONASTERIES�察           �AND     THEIR 

WAYS。 TRACES OF BUDDHA。 

     After    crossing   the   river�察 。�the  travellers��   immediately     came    to  the 

kingdom  of Woo´chang�撮�1�А �which is indeed   ��a part��   of   North   India。 The 

people all use the   language of Central India�察  �Central India; being   what 

we    should    call  the  ;Middle     Kingdom。;      The   food   and   clothes   of  the 

common   people   are   the   same   as   in   that   Central   Kingdom。   The   Law   of 

Buddha is very ��flourishing in Woo´chang��。 They call the places where the 

monks stay ��for a time�� or reside permanently Sangharamas�察�and of these 

there are in all 500�察�the monks being all students of the hinayana。 When 

stranger   bhikshus��2�А  �arrive   at   one   of   them�察  �their   wants   are   supplied   for 

three days�察�after which they are told to find a resting´place for themselves。 

     There is a tradition that when Buddha came to North India�察�he came at 

once to this country�察�and that here he left a print of his foot�察�which is long 

or short according to the ideas of the beholder ��on the subject��。 It exists�察�

and the same thing is true about it�察�at the present day。 Here also are still to 

be   seen   the   rock   on   which   he   dried   his   clothes�察  �and   the   place   where   he 

converted   the   wicked   dragon。��3�А  �The   rock   is   fourteen   cubits   high�察  �and 

more than twenty broad�察�with one side of it smooth。 

     Hwuy´king�察  �Hwuy´tah�察  �and   Tao´ching   went   on   ahead   towards   ��the 

place of�� Buddha's shadow in the country of Nagara�撮�4�А�but Fa´hien and 

the others remained in Woo´chang�察�and kept the summer retreat。��5�А�That 

over�察�they descended south�察�and arrived in the country of Soo´ho´to。��6�А�



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                                          NOTES 



     ��1�А�Udyana�察�meaning ;the Park�察─�just north of the Punjab�察�the country 

along the Subhavastu�察�now called the Swat�察�noted for its forests�察�flowers�察�

and fruits ��E。 H。�察�p。 153��。 

     ��2�А�Bhikshu is the name for a monk as ;living by alms�察─�a mendicant。 

All bhikshus call themselves Sramans。 Sometimes the two names are used 

together by our author。 

     ��3�А�Naga   is   the   Sanskrit name   for   the   Chinese lung   or   dragon�察  �often 

meaning a snake�察�especially the boa。 ;Chinese Buddhists�察─�says Eitel�察�p。 79�察�

;when speaking of nagas as boa spirits�察�always represent them as enemies 

of mankind�察�but when viewing them as deities of rivers�察�lakes�察�or oceans�察�

they describe them as piously inclined。; The dragon�察�however�察�is in China 

the symbol of the Sovereign and Sage�察�a use of it unknown in Buddhism�察�

according   to   which   all   nagas   need   to   be   converted   in   order   to   obtain   a 

higher   phase   of   being。   The   use   of   the   character   too   ��。���察  �as   here�察  �in   the 

sense of ;to convert�察─�is entirely Buddhistic。 The six paramitas are the six 

virtues which carry men across ��。�� the great sea of life and death�察�as the 

sphere     of   transmigration      to   nirvana。    With    regard    to   the   particular 

conversion   here�察  �Eitel   ��p。   11��   says   the   Naga's   name   was   Apatala�察     �the 

guardian   deity   of   the   Subhavastu   river�察  �and   that   he   was   converted   by 

Sakyamuni shortly before the death of the latter。 

     ��4�А�In Chinese Na´k'eeh�察�an ancient kingdom and city on the southern 

bank of the Cabul river�察�about thirty miles west of Jellalabad。 

     ��5�А�We would seem now to be in 403。 

     ��6�А  �Soo´ho´to     has   not  been    clearly   identified。   Beal   says   that  later 

Buddhist   writers   include   it   in   Udyana。   It   must   have   been   between   the 

Indus and the Swat。 I suppose it was what we now call Swastene。 



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                            CHAPTER IX 



    SOO´HO´TO。 LEGEND OF BUDDHA。 

    In that country also Buddhism��1�А�is flourishing。 There is in it the place 

where Sakra�撮�2�А�Ruler of Devas�察�in a former age�撮�3�А�tried the Bodhisattva�察�

by producing��4�А�a hawk ��in pursuit of a�� dove�察�when ��the Bodhisattva�� cut 

off   a   piece   of   his   own   flesh�察  �and   ��with   it��   ransomed   the   dove。   After 

Buddha had attained to perfect wisdom�撮�5�А�and in travelling about with his 

disciples ��arrived at this spot���察�he informed them  that this was the   place 

where he ransomed the dove with a piece of his own flesh。 In this way the 

people of the country became aware of the fact�察�and on the spot reared a 

tope�察�adorned with layers��6�А�of gold and silver plates。 



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                                          NOTES 



     ��1�А�Buddhism stands for the two Chinese characters ��。�� ��。���察 �the Law 

of   Buddha�察─  �and   to   that   rendering   of   the   phrase�察  �which   is   of   frequent 

occurrence�察     �I  will   in  general     adhere。   Buddhism       is  not   an   adequate 

rendering of them any more than Christianity would be of ��to euaggelion 

Xristou��。 The Fa or Law is the equivalent of dharma comprehending all in 

the   first   Basket   of   the   Buddhist   teaching��as   Dr。   Davids   says   ��Hibbert 

Lectures�察�p。 44���察 �its ethics and philosophy�察�and its system of self´culture�察─�

with the theory of karma�察�it seems to me�察�especially underlying it。 It has 

been pointed out ��Cunningham's ;Bhilsa Topes�察─�p。 102�� that dharma is the 

keystone of all king Priyadarsi or Asoka's edicts。 The whole of them are 

dedicated to the attainment of one object�察 �the advancement of dharma�察�or 

of   the   Law   of   Buddha。;   His native   Chinese   afforded   no   better   character 

than ��。�� or Law�察�by which our author could express concisely his idea of 

the Buddhistic system�察�as ;a law of life�察─�a directory or system of Rules�察�

by which men could attain to the consummation of their being。 

     ��2�А  �Sakra   is   a   common   name   for   the   Brahmanic   Indra�察  �adopted   by 

Buddhism   into   the   circle   of   its   own   great   adherents��it   has   been   said�察�

;because of his popularity。; He is generally styled�察�as here�察�T'een Ti�察 �God 

or Ruler of Devas。; He is now the representative of the secular power�察�the 

valiant protector of   the  Buddhist   body�察 �but is looked upon   as   inferior  to 

Sakyamuni�察  �and   every   Buddhist   saint。   He   appears   several   times   in   Fa´ 

hien's narrative。 E。 H。�察�pp。 108 and 46。 

     ��3�А�The Chinese character is ��。���察 �formerly�察─�and is often�察�as in the first 

sentence of the narrative�察�simply equivalent to that adverb。 At other times 

it means�察�as here�察 �in a former age�察─�some pre´existent state in the time of 

a former birth。 The incident related is ;a Jataka story。; 

     ��4�А�It occurs at once to the translator to render the characters ��。�� ��。�� by 

;changed himself to。; Such is often their meaning in the sequel�察�but their 

use   in   chapter   xxiv   may   be   considered   as   a   crucial   test   of   the   meaning 

which I have given them here。 

     ��5�А�That is�察�had become Buddha�察�or completed his course ��。�� ��。��。 

     ��6�А�This seems to be the contribution of ��。�� ��or ��。�����察�to the force of the 



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binomial ��。�� ��。���察�which is continually occurring。 



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                            CHAPTER X 



    GANDHARA。 LEGENDS OF BUDDHA。 

    The   travellers�察  �going   downwards   from   this   towards   the   east�察  �in   five 

days    came   to  the  country  of  Gandhara�撮�1�А   �the  place  where   Dharma´ 

vivardhana�撮�2�А    �the   son  of   Asoka�撮�3�А   �ruled。  When     Buddha    was    a 

Bodhisattva�察�he gave his eyes also for another man here�撮�4�А�and at the spot 

they have also reared a large tope�察�adorned with layers of gold and silver 

plates。 The people of the country were mostly students of the hinayana。 



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                                         NOTES 



     ��1�А�Eitel says ;an ancient kingdom�察�corresponding to the region about 

Dheri and Banjour。; But see note 5。 

     ��2�А�Dharma´vivardhana is the name in Sanskrit�察�represented by the Fa 

Yi ��。�� ��。�� of the text。 

     ��3�А�Asoka is here mentioned for the first time��the Constantine of the 

Buddhist society��

卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��

低辛嬬浪散議