a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村)-及10何蛍
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
contemporaries。 But if Rhys Davids be correct�察�as I think he is�察�in fixing
the date of Buddha's death within a few years of 412 B。C。 ��see Manual�察�p。
213���察�not to speak of Westergaard's still lower date�察�then the Buddha was
very considerably the junior of Confucius。
��9�А �This confirms the words of Eitel�察 �that Maitreya is already
controlling the propagation of the faith。
��10�А�The Chinese characters for this simply mean ;the great scholar or
officer�察─�but see Eitel's Handbook�察�p。 99�察�on the term purusha。
��11�А �The precious Buddha�察─ �the precious Law�察─ �and ;the precious
Monkhood�察─�Buddha�察�Dharma�察�and Sangha�察�the whole being equivalent to
Buddhism。
��12�А �Fa´hien thus endorses the view that Buddhism was introduced
into China in this reign�察�A。D。 58´75。 The emperor had his dream in A。D。
61。
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A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS
CHAPTER VIII
WOO´CHANG�察 �OR UDYANA。 MONASTERIES�察 �AND THEIR
WAYS。 TRACES OF BUDDHA。
After crossing the river�察 。�the travellers�� immediately came to the
kingdom of Woo´chang�撮�1�А �which is indeed ��a part�� of North India。 The
people all use the language of Central India�察 �Central India; being what
we should call the ;Middle Kingdom。; The food and clothes of the
common people are the same as in that Central Kingdom。 The Law of
Buddha is very ��flourishing in Woo´chang��。 They call the places where the
monks stay ��for a time�� or reside permanently Sangharamas�察�and of these
there are in all 500�察�the monks being all students of the hinayana。 When
stranger bhikshus��2�А �arrive at one of them�察 �their wants are supplied for
three days�察�after which they are told to find a resting´place for themselves。
There is a tradition that when Buddha came to North India�察�he came at
once to this country�察�and that here he left a print of his foot�察�which is long
or short according to the ideas of the beholder ��on the subject��。 It exists�察�
and the same thing is true about it�察�at the present day。 Here also are still to
be seen the rock on which he dried his clothes�察 �and the place where he
converted the wicked dragon。��3�А �The rock is fourteen cubits high�察 �and
more than twenty broad�察�with one side of it smooth。
Hwuy´king�察 �Hwuy´tah�察 �and Tao´ching went on ahead towards ��the
place of�� Buddha's shadow in the country of Nagara�撮�4�А�but Fa´hien and
the others remained in Woo´chang�察�and kept the summer retreat。��5�А�That
over�察�they descended south�察�and arrived in the country of Soo´ho´to。��6�А�
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NOTES
��1�А�Udyana�察�meaning ;the Park�察─�just north of the Punjab�察�the country
along the Subhavastu�察�now called the Swat�察�noted for its forests�察�flowers�察�
and fruits ��E。 H。�察�p。 153��。
��2�А�Bhikshu is the name for a monk as ;living by alms�察─�a mendicant。
All bhikshus call themselves Sramans。 Sometimes the two names are used
together by our author。
��3�А�Naga is the Sanskrit name for the Chinese lung or dragon�察 �often
meaning a snake�察�especially the boa。 ;Chinese Buddhists�察─�says Eitel�察�p。 79�察�
;when speaking of nagas as boa spirits�察�always represent them as enemies
of mankind�察�but when viewing them as deities of rivers�察�lakes�察�or oceans�察�
they describe them as piously inclined。; The dragon�察�however�察�is in China
the symbol of the Sovereign and Sage�察�a use of it unknown in Buddhism�察�
according to which all nagas need to be converted in order to obtain a
higher phase of being。 The use of the character too ��。���察 �as here�察 �in the
sense of ;to convert�察─�is entirely Buddhistic。 The six paramitas are the six
virtues which carry men across ��。�� the great sea of life and death�察�as the
sphere of transmigration to nirvana。 With regard to the particular
conversion here�察 �Eitel ��p。 11�� says the Naga's name was Apatala�察 �the
guardian deity of the Subhavastu river�察 �and that he was converted by
Sakyamuni shortly before the death of the latter。
��4�А�In Chinese Na´k'eeh�察�an ancient kingdom and city on the southern
bank of the Cabul river�察�about thirty miles west of Jellalabad。
��5�А�We would seem now to be in 403。
��6�А �Soo´ho´to has not been clearly identified。 Beal says that later
Buddhist writers include it in Udyana。 It must have been between the
Indus and the Swat。 I suppose it was what we now call Swastene。
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A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS
CHAPTER IX
SOO´HO´TO。 LEGEND OF BUDDHA。
In that country also Buddhism��1�А�is flourishing。 There is in it the place
where Sakra�撮�2�А�Ruler of Devas�察�in a former age�撮�3�А�tried the Bodhisattva�察�
by producing��4�А�a hawk ��in pursuit of a�� dove�察�when ��the Bodhisattva�� cut
off a piece of his own flesh�察 �and ��with it�� ransomed the dove。 After
Buddha had attained to perfect wisdom�撮�5�А�and in travelling about with his
disciples ��arrived at this spot���察�he informed them that this was the place
where he ransomed the dove with a piece of his own flesh。 In this way the
people of the country became aware of the fact�察�and on the spot reared a
tope�察�adorned with layers��6�А�of gold and silver plates。
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NOTES
��1�А�Buddhism stands for the two Chinese characters ��。�� ��。���察 �the Law
of Buddha�察─ �and to that rendering of the phrase�察 �which is of frequent
occurrence�察 �I will in general adhere。 Buddhism is not an adequate
rendering of them any more than Christianity would be of ��to euaggelion
Xristou��。 The Fa or Law is the equivalent of dharma comprehending all in
the first Basket of the Buddhist teaching��as Dr。 Davids says ��Hibbert
Lectures�察�p。 44���察 �its ethics and philosophy�察�and its system of self´culture�察─�
with the theory of karma�察�it seems to me�察�especially underlying it。 It has
been pointed out ��Cunningham's ;Bhilsa Topes�察─�p。 102�� that dharma is the
keystone of all king Priyadarsi or Asoka's edicts。 The whole of them are
dedicated to the attainment of one object�察 �the advancement of dharma�察�or
of the Law of Buddha。; His native Chinese afforded no better character
than ��。�� or Law�察�by which our author could express concisely his idea of
the Buddhistic system�察�as ;a law of life�察─�a directory or system of Rules�察�
by which men could attain to the consummation of their being。
��2�А �Sakra is a common name for the Brahmanic Indra�察 �adopted by
Buddhism into the circle of its own great adherents��it has been said�察�
;because of his popularity。; He is generally styled�察�as here�察�T'een Ti�察 �God
or Ruler of Devas。; He is now the representative of the secular power�察�the
valiant protector of the Buddhist body�察 �but is looked upon as inferior to
Sakyamuni�察 �and every Buddhist saint。 He appears several times in Fa´
hien's narrative。 E。 H。�察�pp。 108 and 46。
��3�А�The Chinese character is ��。���察 �formerly�察─�and is often�察�as in the first
sentence of the narrative�察�simply equivalent to that adverb。 At other times
it means�察�as here�察 �in a former age�察─�some pre´existent state in the time of
a former birth。 The incident related is ;a Jataka story。;
��4�А�It occurs at once to the translator to render the characters ��。�� ��。�� by
;changed himself to。; Such is often their meaning in the sequel�察�but their
use in chapter xxiv may be considered as a crucial test of the meaning
which I have given them here。
��5�А�That is�察�had become Buddha�察�or completed his course ��。�� ��。��。
��6�А�This seems to be the contribution of ��。�� ��or ��。�����察�to the force of the
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A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS
binomial ��。�� ��。���察�which is continually occurring。
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A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS
CHAPTER X
GANDHARA。 LEGENDS OF BUDDHA。
The travellers�察 �going downwards from this towards the east�察 �in five
days came to the country of Gandhara�撮�1�А �the place where Dharma´
vivardhana�撮�2�А �the son of Asoka�撮�3�А �ruled。 When Buddha was a
Bodhisattva�察�he gave his eyes also for another man here�撮�4�А�and at the spot
they have also reared a large tope�察�adorned with layers of gold and silver
plates。 The people of the country were mostly students of the hinayana。
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A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS
NOTES
��1�А�Eitel says ;an ancient kingdom�察�corresponding to the region about
Dheri and Banjour。; But see note 5。
��2�А�Dharma´vivardhana is the name in Sanskrit�察�represented by the Fa
Yi ��。�� ��。�� of the text。
��3�А�Asoka is here mentioned for the first time��the Constantine of the
Buddhist society��