a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村)-及12何蛍
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/ceased/ to be�察�in any sense of the word /being/�察�it would be difficult to say。
Probably he himself would not and could not have spoken definitely on
the point。 So far as our use of language is concerned�察 �apart from any
assured faith in and hope of immortality�察�his pari´nirvana was his death。
��4�А�Kanishka appeared�察�and began to reign�察�early in our first century�察�
about A。D。 10。 He was the last of three brothers�察�whose original seat was
in Yueh´she�察 �immediately mentioned�察 �or Tukhara。 Converted by the
sudden appearance of a saint�察 �he became a zealous Buddhist�察 �and
patronised the system as liberally as Asoka had done。 The finest topes in
the north´west of India are ascribed to him�察�he was certainly a great man
and a magnificent sovereign。
��5�А �Jambudvipa is one of the four great continents of the universe�察�
representing the inhabited world as fancied by the Buddhists�察�and so called
because it resembles in shape the leaves of the jambu tree。 It is south of
mount Meru�察�and divided among four fabulous kings ��E。 H。�察�p。 36��。 It is
often used�察�as here perhaps�察�merely as the Buddhist name for India。
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��6�А�This king was perhaps Kanishka himself�察�Fa´hien mixing up�察�in an
inartistic way�察�different legends about him。 Eitel suggests that a relic of the
old name of the country may still exist in that of the Jats or Juts of the
present day。 A more common name for it is Tukhara�察�and he observes that
the people were the Indo´Scythians of the Greeks�察 �and the Tartars of
Chinese writers�察 �who�察 �driven on by the Huns ��180 B。C。���察 �conquered
Transoxiana�察 �destroyed the Bactrian kingdom ��126 B。C。���察 �and finally
conquered the Punjab�察 �Cashmere�察 �and great part of India�察 �their greatest
king being Kanishak ��E。 H。�察�p。 152��。
��7�А �Watters�察 �clearly understanding the thought of the author in this
sentence�察 �renders;his destiny did not extend to a connexion with the
bowl�察─ �but the term ;destiny; suggests a controlling or directing power
without。 The king thought that his virtue in the past was not yet sufficient
to give him possession of the bowl。
��8�А�The text is simply ;those in white clothes。; This may mean ;the
laity�察─ �or the ;upasakas�察─ �but it is better to take the characters in their
common Chinese acceptation�察�as meaning ;commoners�察─ �men who have
no rank。; See in Williams' Dictionary under ��。��。
��9�А �I do not wonder that Remusat should give for this;et s'en
retournent apres。; But Fa´hien's use of ��。�� in the sense of ;in the same
way; is uniform throughout the narrative。
��10�А �Hardy's M。 B。�察 �p。 183�察 �says�此�The alms´bowl�察 �given by
Mahabrahma�察 �having vanished ��about the time that Gotama became
Buddha���察�each of the four guardian deities brought him an alms´bowl of
emerald�察�but he did not accept them。 They then brought four bowls made
of stone�察�of the colour of the mung fruit�察�and when each entreated that his
own bowl might be accepted�察�Buddha caused them to appear as if formed
into a single bowl�察�appearing at the upper rim as if placed one within the
other。; See the account more correctly given in the ;Buddhist Birth
Stories�察─�p。 110。
��11�А�Compare the narrative in Luke's Gospel�察�xxi。 1´4。
��12�А�See chapter viii。
��13�А�This�察�no doubt�察�should be Hwuy´ying。 King was at this time ill in
Nagara�察 �and indeed afterwards he dies in crossing the Little Snowy
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Mountains�察�but all the texts make him die twice。 The confounding of the
two names has been pointed out by Chinese critics。
��14�А �Came to his end�察─ �i。e。�察 �according to the text�察 �proved the
impermanence and uncertainty�察─ �namely�察 �of human life。 See Williams'
Dictionary under ��。��。 The phraseology is wholly Buddhistic。
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CHAPTER XIII
NAGARA。 FESTIVAL OF BUDDHA'S SKULL´BONE。 OTHER
RELICS�察�AND HIS SHADOW。
Going west for sixteen yojanas�撮�1�А�he came to the city He´lo��2�А�in the
borders of the country of Nagara�察�where there is the flat´bone of Buddha's
skull�察 �deposited in a vihara��3�А �adorned all over with gold´ leaf and the
seven sacred substances。 The king of the country�察�revering and honouring
the bone�察 �and anxious lest it should be stolen away�察 �has selected eight
individuals�察 �representing the great families in the kingdom�察 �and
committing to each a seal�察�with which he should seal ��its shrine�� and guard
��the relic��。 At early dawn these eight men come�察 �and after each has
inspected his seal�察�they open the door。 This done�察�they wash their hands
with scented water and bring out the bone�察�which they place outside the
vihara�察�on a lofty platform�察�where it is supported on a round pedestal of the
seven precious substances�察�and covered with a bell of /lapis lazuli/�察�both
adorned with rows of pearls。 Its colour is of a yellowish white�察 �and it
forms an imperfect circle twelve inches round�撮�4�А�curving upwards to the
centre。 Every day�察�after it has been brought forth�察�the keepers of the vihara
ascend a high gallery�察 �where they beat great drums�察 �blow conchs�察 �and
clash their copper cymbals。 When the king hears them�察 �he goes to the
vihara�察�and makes his offerings of flowers and incense。 When he has done
this�察�he ��and his attendants�� in order�察�one after another�察。�raise the bone���察�
place it ��for a moment�� on the top of their heads�撮�5�А�and then depart�察�going
out by the door on the west as they entered by that on the east。 The king
every morning makes his offerings and performs his worship�察 �and
afterwards gives audience on the business of his government。 The chiefs
of the Vaisyas��6�А �also make their offerings before they attend to their
family affairs。 Every day it is so�察 �and there is no remissness in the
observance of the custom。 When all the offerings are over�察�they replace the
bone in the vihara�察 �where there is a vimoksha tope�撮�7�А �of the seven
precious substances�察 �and rather more than five cubits high�察 �sometimes
open�察�sometimes shut�察�to contain it。 In front of the door of the vihara�察�there
are parties who every morning sell flowers and incense�撮�8�А�and those who
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wish to make offerings buy some of all kinds。 The kings of various
countries are also constantly sending messengers with offerings。 The
vihara stands in a square of thirty paces�察�and though heaven should shake
and earth be rent�察�this place would not move。
Going on�察�north from this�察�for a yojana�察。�Fa´hien�� arrived at the capital
of Nagara�察 �the place where the Bodhisattva once purchased with money
five stalks of flowers�察�as an offering to the Dipankara Buddha。��9�А�In the
midst of the city there is also the tope of Buddha's tooth�察�where offerings
are made in the same way as to the flat´bone of his skull。
A yojana to the north´east of the city brought him to the mouth of a
valley�察 �where there is Buddha's pewter staff�撮�10�А �and a vihara also has
been built at which offerings aremade。 The staff is made of Gosirsha
Chandana�察�and is quite sixteen or seventeen cubits long。 It is contained in
a wooden tube�察�and though a hundred or a thousand men ere to ��try to�� lift
it�察�they could not move it。
Entering the mouth of the valley�察�and going west�察�he found Buddha's
Sanghali�撮�11�А�where also there is reared a vihara�察�and offerings are made。
It is a custom of the country when there is a great drought�察�for the people
to collect in crowds�察 �bring out the robe�察 �pay worship to it�察 �and make
offerings�察�on which there is immediately a great rain from the sky。
South of the city�察�half a yojana�察�there is a rock´cavern�察�in a great hill
fronting the south´west�察 �and here it was that Buddha left his shadow。
Looking at it from a distance of more than ten paces�察 �you seem to see
Buddha's real form�察 �with his complexion of gold�察 �and his characteristic
marks��12�А �in their nicety clearly and brightly displayed。 The nearer you
approach�察�however�察�the fainter it becomes�察�as if it were only in your fancy。
When the kings from the regions all around have sent skilful artists to take
a copy�察�none of them have been able to do so。 Among the people of the
country there is a saying current that ;the thousand Buddhas��13�А�must all
leave their shadows here。;
Rather more than four hundred paces west from the shadow�察 �when
Buddha was at the spot�察 �he shaved his hair and clipt his nails�察 �and
proceeded�察 �along wi