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及12何蛍

a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村)-及12何蛍

弌傍�� a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




/ceased/ to be�察�in any sense of the word /being/�察�it would be difficult to say。 

Probably  he   himself   would not   and   could not   have spoken   definitely  on 

the   point。   So   far   as   our   use   of   language   is   concerned�察  �apart   from   any 

assured faith in and hope of immortality�察�his pari´nirvana was his death。 

     ��4�А�Kanishka appeared�察�and began to reign�察�early in our first century�察�

about A。D。 10。 He was the last of three brothers�察�whose original seat was 

in   Yueh´she�察     �immediately      mentioned�察     �or  Tukhara。     Converted      by   the 

sudden      appearance      of  a   saint�察 �he   became      a  zealous    Buddhist�察    �and 

patronised the system as liberally as Asoka had done。 The finest topes in 

the north´west of India are ascribed to him�察�he was certainly a great man 

and a magnificent sovereign。 

     ��5�А  �Jambudvipa   is   one   of   the   four   great   continents   of   the   universe�察�

representing the inhabited world as fancied by the Buddhists�察�and so called 

because it resembles in shape the leaves of the jambu tree。 It is south of 

mount Meru�察�and divided among four fabulous kings ��E。 H。�察�p。 36��。 It is 

often used�察�as here perhaps�察�merely as the Buddhist name for India。 



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     ��6�А�This king was perhaps Kanishka himself�察�Fa´hien mixing up�察�in an 

inartistic way�察�different legends about him。 Eitel suggests that a relic of the 

old name   of   the  country  may  still   exist   in   that   of the Jats or   Juts of   the 

present day。 A more common name for it is Tukhara�察�and he observes that 

the   people   were   the   Indo´Scythians   of        the   Greeks�察  �and   the   Tartars    of 

Chinese      writers�察   �who�察   �driven   on   by   the   Huns    ��180    B。C。���察  �conquered 

Transoxiana�察      �destroyed      the  Bactrian     kingdom      ��126    B。C。���察  �and   finally 

conquered   the   Punjab�察  �Cashmere�察  �and   great   part   of   India�察  �their   greatest 

king being Kanishak ��E。 H。�察�p。 152��。 

     ��7�А  �Watters�察  �clearly   understanding   the   thought   of   the   author   in   this 

sentence�察  �renders;his   destiny   did   not   extend   to   a   connexion   with   the 

bowl�察─  �but   the   term   ;destiny;   suggests   a   controlling   or   directing   power 

without。 The king thought that his virtue in the past was not yet sufficient 

to give him possession of the bowl。 

     ��8�А�The   text is   simply  ;those   in   white   clothes。; This   may  mean   ;the 

laity�察─  �or   the   ;upasakas�察─  �but   it   is   better   to   take   the   characters   in   their 

common Chinese acceptation�察�as meaning ;commoners�察─ �men who have 

no rank。; See in Williams' Dictionary under ��。��。 

     ��9�А   �I  do   not   wonder     that   Remusat      should    give   for   this;et   s'en 

retournent   apres。;   But   Fa´hien's   use   of   ��。��   in   the   sense   of   ;in   the   same 

way; is uniform throughout the narrative。 

     ��10�А    �Hardy's     M。    B。�察  �p。   183�察   �says�此�The      alms´bowl�察     �given     by 

Mahabrahma�察         �having    vanished      ��about    the   time   that   Gotama      became 

Buddha���察�each of the four guardian deities brought him an alms´bowl of 

emerald�察�but he did not accept them。 They then brought four bowls made 

of stone�察�of the colour of the mung fruit�察�and when each entreated that his 

own bowl might be accepted�察�Buddha caused them to appear as if formed 

into a single bowl�察�appearing at the upper rim as if placed one within the 

other。;    See    the   account    more     correctly    given    in  the   ;Buddhist     Birth 

Stories�察─�p。 110。 

     ��11�А�Compare the narrative in Luke's Gospel�察�xxi。 1´4。 

     ��12�А�See chapter viii。 

     ��13�А�This�察�no doubt�察�should be Hwuy´ying。 King was at this time ill in 

Nagara�察     �and   indeed     afterwards     he   dies   in  crossing    the   Little   Snowy 



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Mountains�察�but all the texts make him die twice。 The confounding of the 

two names has been pointed out by Chinese critics。 

     ��14�А   �Came     to  his  end�察─  �i。e。�察 �according   to  the  text�察  �proved   the 

impermanence        and  uncertainty�察─  �namely�察   �of  human    life。  See  Williams' 

Dictionary under ��。��。 The phraseology is wholly Buddhistic。 



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                            CHAPTER XIII 



     NAGARA。         FESTIVAL        OF    BUDDHA'S          SKULL´BONE。           OTHER 

RELICS�察�AND HIS SHADOW。 

     Going west for sixteen yojanas�撮�1�А�he came to the city He´lo��2�А�in the 

borders of the country of Nagara�察�where there is the flat´bone of Buddha's 

skull�察  �deposited   in   a   vihara��3�А  �adorned   all   over   with   gold´   leaf   and   the 

seven sacred substances。 The king of the country�察�revering and honouring 

the   bone�察  �and   anxious   lest   it   should   be   stolen   away�察  �has   selected   eight 

individuals�察     �representing      the   great    families    in   the   kingdom�察     �and 

committing to each a seal�察�with which he should seal ��its shrine�� and guard 

��the   relic��。  At   early   dawn    these   eight   men   come�察   �and   after   each   has 

inspected his seal�察�they open the door。 This done�察�they wash their hands 

with scented water and bring out the bone�察�which they place outside the 

vihara�察�on a lofty platform�察�where it is supported on a round pedestal of the 

seven precious substances�察�and covered with a bell of /lapis lazuli/�察�both 

adorned   with   rows   of   pearls。   Its   colour   is   of   a   yellowish   white�察  �and   it 

forms an imperfect circle twelve inches round�撮�4�А�curving upwards to the 

centre。 Every day�察�after it has been brought forth�察�the keepers of the vihara 

ascend   a   high   gallery�察  �where   they   beat   great   drums�察  �blow   conchs�察  �and 

clash   their   copper   cymbals。   When   the   king   hears   them�察  �he   goes   to   the 

vihara�察�and makes his offerings of flowers and incense。 When he has done 

this�察�he ��and his attendants�� in order�察�one after  another�察。�raise the  bone���察�

place it ��for a moment�� on the top of their heads�撮�5�А�and then depart�察�going 

out by the door on the west as they entered by that on the east。 The king 

every     morning     makes     his   offerings    and   performs     his   worship�察    �and 

afterwards gives audience on the business of his government。 The chiefs 

of   the   Vaisyas��6�А  �also   make   their   offerings   before   they   attend   to   their 

family     affairs。  Every    day   it  is  so�察 �and  there   is  no  remissness     in  the 

observance of the custom。 When all the offerings are over�察�they replace the 

bone     in  the  vihara�察  �where    there   is  a  vimoksha     tope�撮�7�А  �of  the   seven 

precious   substances�察  �and   rather   more   than   five   cubits   high�察  �sometimes 

open�察�sometimes shut�察�to contain it。 In front of the door of the vihara�察�there 

are parties who every morning sell flowers and incense�撮�8�А�and those who 



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wish     to  make    offerings     buy   some    of   all  kinds。   The   kings    of  various 

countries      are  also   constantly     sending     messengers      with    offerings。    The 

vihara stands in a square of thirty paces�察�and though heaven should shake 

and earth be rent�察�this place would not move。 

     Going on�察�north from this�察�for a yojana�察。�Fa´hien�� arrived at the capital 

of   Nagara�察 �the   place  where  the  Bodhisattva  once   purchased   with   money 

five stalks of flowers�察�as an offering to the Dipankara Buddha。��9�А�In the 

midst of the city there is also the tope of Buddha's tooth�察�where offerings 

are made in the same way as to the flat´bone of his skull。 

     A yojana to the north´east of the city brought him to the mouth of a 

valley�察  �where   there   is   Buddha's   pewter   staff�撮�10�А  �and   a   vihara   also   has 

been   built   at   which   offerings   aremade。   The   staff   is   made   of   Gosirsha 

Chandana�察�and is quite sixteen or seventeen cubits long。 It is contained in 

a wooden tube�察�and though a hundred or a thousand men ere to ��try to�� lift 

it�察�they could not move it。 

     Entering the mouth of the valley�察�and going west�察�he found Buddha's 

Sanghali�撮�11�А�where also there is reared a vihara�察�and offerings are made。 

It is a custom of the country when there is a great drought�察�for the people 

to   collect   in   crowds�察  �bring   out   the   robe�察  �pay   worship   to   it�察  �and   make 

offerings�察�on which there is immediately a great rain from the sky。 

     South of the city�察�half a yojana�察�there is a rock´cavern�察�in a great hill 

fronting   the   south´west�察  �and   here   it   was   that   Buddha   left   his   shadow。 

Looking   at   it   from   a   distance   of   more   than   ten   paces�察  �you   seem   to   see 

Buddha's   real   form�察  �with   his   complexion   of   gold�察  �and   his   characteristic 

marks��12�А  �in   their   nicety  clearly  and   brightly  displayed。 The   nearer   you 

approach�察�however�察�the fainter it becomes�察�as if it were only in your fancy。 

When the kings from the regions all around have sent skilful artists to take 

a copy�察�none of them have been able to do so。 Among the people of the 

country there is a saying current that ;the thousand Buddhas��13�А�must all 

leave their shadows here。; 

     Rather   more   than   four   hundred   paces   west   from   the   shadow�察  �when 

Buddha       was   at  the   spot�察  �he   shaved    his   hair  and    clipt  his   nails�察 �and 

proceeded�察  �along   wi

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