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a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村)-及13何蛍

弌傍�� a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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Buddha       was   at  the   spot�察  �he   shaved    his   hair  and    clipt  his   nails�察 �and 

proceeded�察  �along   with   his   disciples�察  �to   build   a   tope   seventy   or   eighty 

cubits high�察�to be a model for all future topes�察�and it is still existing。 By the 



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side of it there is a monastery�察�with more than seven hundred monks in it。 

At   this   place   there   are   as   many   as   a   thousand   topes��14�А  �of Arhans   and 

Pratyeka Buddhas。��15�А�



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                                          NOTES 



     ��1�А�Now in India�察�Fa´hien used the Indian measure of distance�察�but it is 

not possible to determine exactly what its length then was。 The estimates 

of it are very different�察�and vary from four and a half or five miles to seven�察�

and    sometimes      more。    See   the  subject    exhaustively     treated   in  Davids' 

;Ceylon Coins and Measures�察─�pp。 15´17。 

     ��2�А  �The   present   Hilda�察  �west    of   Peshawur�察  �and   five   miles   south   of 

Jellalabad。 

     ��3�А �The vihara�察─�says Hardy�察 �is the residence of a recluse or priest�察─�

and so Davids��'the clean little hut where the mendicant lives。; Our author�察�

however�察 �does   not   use  the   Indian  name   here�察 �but   the  Chinese   characters 

which express its meaningtsing shay�察 �a pure dwelling。; He uses the term 

occasionally�察�and evidently�察�in this sense�察�more frequently it occurs in his 

narrative   in   connexion   with   the   Buddhist   relic   worship�察  �and       at   first  I 

translated it by ;shrine; and ;shrine´house�察─�but I came to the conclusion�察�

at last�察�to employ always the Indian name。 The first time I saw a shrine´ 

house was�察�I think�察�in   a monastery near Foo´chow��a small   pyramidical 

structure�察�about ten feet high�察�glittering as if with the precious substances�察�

but   all�察  �it   seemed   to   me�察  �of   tinsel。   It   was   in   a   large   apartment   of   the 

building�察  �having   many   images   in   it。   The   monks   said   it   was   the   most 

precious thing in their possession�察�and that if they opened it�察�as I begged 

them   to   do�察  �there   would   be   a   convulsion   that   would   destroy   the   whole 

establishment。 See E。 H。�察�p。 166。 The name of the province of Behar was 

given to it in consequence of its many viharas。 

     ��4�А�According to the characters�察 �square�察�round�察�four inches。; Hsuan´ 

chwang says it was twelve inches round。 

     ��5�А  �In   Williams'   Dictionary�察  �under   ��。���察  �the   characters�察  �used   here�察  �are 

employed in the phrase for ;to degrade an officer�察─�that is�察 �to remove the 

token of his rank worn on the crown of his head�察─�but to place a thing on 

the crown is a Buddhistic form of religious homage。 

     ��6�А  �The   Vaisyas�察  �or   bourgeois   caste   of   Hindu   society�察  �are   described 

here as ;resident scholars。; 

     ��7�А   �See   Eitel's   Handbook       under    the   name     vimoksha�察     �which    is 



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explained   as   ;the   act   of   self´liberation�察─  �and   ;the   dwelling   or   state   of 

liberty。; There are eight acts of liberating one's self from all subjective and 

objective     trammels�察    �and   as  many     states   of  liberty   ��vimukti��    resulting 

therefrom。 They are eight degrees of self´ inanition�察�and apparently eight 

stages on the way to nirvana。 The tope in the text would be emblematic in 

some   way   of   the   general   idea   of   the   mental   progress   conducting   to   the 

Buddhistic consummation of existence。 

     ��8�А�This incense would be in long ;sticks�察─�small and large�察�such as are 

sold to´day throughout China�察�as you enter the temples。 

     ��9�А   �The     illuminating     Buddha�察─    �the   twenty´fourth      predecessor     of 

Sakyamuni�察  �and   who�察  �so   long   before�察  �gave   him   the   assurance   that   he 

would by´and´by be Buddha。 See Jataka Tales�察�p。 23。 

     ��10�А�The staff was�察�as immediately appears�察�of Gosirsha Chandana�察�or 

;sandal´wood from the Cow's´head mountain�察─�a species of copper´brown 

sandal´wood�察�said to be produced most abundantly on a mountain of ��the 

fabulous continent�� Ullarakuru�察�north of mount Meru�察�which resembles in 

shape the head of a cow ��E。 H。�察�pp。 42�察�43��。 It is called a ;pewter staff; 

from   having      on  it  a  head   and   rings   and   pewter。   See   Watters�察    �China 

Review�察─�viii�察�pp。 227�察�228�察�and Williams' Dictionary�察�under ��。��。 

     ��11�А�Or Sanghati�察�the double or composite robe�察�part of a monk's attire�察�

reaching from the shoulders to the knees�察�and fastened round the waist ��E。 

H。�察�p。 118��。 

     ��12�А�These were the ;marks and beauties; on the person of a supreme 

Buddha。 The rishi Kala Devala saw them on the body of the infant Sakya 

prince to the number of 328�察�those on the teeth�察�which had not yet come 

out�察�being visible to his spirit´like eyes ��M。 B。�察�pp。 148�察�149��。 

     ��13�А�Probably=;all Buddhas。; 

     ��14�А�The number may appear too great。 But see what is said on the size 

of topes in chapter iii�察�note 4。 

     ��15�А  �In   Singhalese�察  �Pase   Buddhas�察  �called   also   Nidana   Buddhas�察  �and 

Pratyeka   Jinas�察  �and   explained   by   ;individually   intelligent�察─   �completely 

intelligent�察─ �intelligent as regards the nidanas。; This�察�says Eitel ��pp。 96�察�

97���察�is ;a   degree   of   saintship unknown   to   primitive   Buddhism�察  �denoting 

automats   in   ascetic   life   who   attain   to   Buddhaship   'individually��'   that   is�察�



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without   a   teacher�察  �and   without   being   able   to   save   others。   As   the   ideal 

hermit�察�the Pratyeka Buddha is compared with the rhinoceros khadga that 

lives lonely in the wilderness。 He is also called Nidana Buddha�察�as having 

mastered the twelve nidanas ��the twelve links in the everlasting chain of 

cause   and   effect   in   the   whole   range   of   existence�察  �the   understanding   of 

which      solves    the  riddle    of  life�察 �revealing     the   inanity   of   all  forms    of 

existence�察�and preparing the mind for nirvana��。 He is also compared to a 

horse�察  �which�察  �crossing   a   river�察  �almost   buries   its   body   under   the   water�察�

without�察    �however�察     �touching     the   bottom   of    the   river。  Thus     in  crossing 

samsara   he   'suppresses   the   errors   of   life   and   thought�察  �and   the   effects   of 

habit and passion�察�without attaining to absolute perfection。'; Whether these 

Buddhas   were   unknown�察  �as   Eitel   says�察  �to   primitive   Buddhism�察  �may   be 

doubted。 See Davids' Hibbert Lectures�察�p。 146。 



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                            CHAPTER XIV 



     DEATH OF HWUY´KING IN THE LITTLE SNOWY MOUNTAINS。 

LO´E。 POHNA。 CROSSING THE INDUS TO THE EAST。 

     Having stayed there till the third month of winter�察�Fa´hien and the two 

others�撮�1�А�proceeding southwards�察�crossed the Little Snowy mountains。��2�А�

On them the snow lies accumulated both winter and summer。 On the north 

��side��   of   the   mountains�察  �in   the   shade�察  �they  suddenly   encountered   a   cold 

wind   which   made   them  shiver   and become   unable   to   speak。   Hwuy´king 

could not go any farther。 A white froth came from his mouth�察�and he said 

to Fa´hien�察 �I cannot live any longer。 Do you immediately go away�察�that 

we do not all die here�察─�and with these words he died。��3�А�Fa´hien stroked 

the   corpse�察  �and   cried   out   piteously�察   �Our   original   plan   has   failed��it   is 

fate。��4�А  �What    can   we   do�拭─  �He   then   again   exerted   himself�察  �and   they 

succeeded in crossing to the south of the range�察�and arrived in the kingdom 

of   Lo´e�撮�5�А  �where   there   were   nearly   three   thousand   monks�察  �students   of 

both    the  mahayana      and   hinayana。    Here   they   stayed   for  the  summer 

retreat�撮�6�А�and when that was over�察�they went on to the south�察�and ten days' 

journey brought them to the kingdom of Poh´na�撮�7�А�where there are also 

more than three thousand monks�察�all students of the hinayana。 Proceeding 

from   this   place   for   three   days�察  �they   again   crossed   the   Indus�察  �where   the 

country on each side was low and level。��8�А�



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                                         NOTES 



     ��1�А�These must have been Tao´ching and Hwuy´king。 

     ��2�А�Probably the Safeid Koh�察�and on the way to the Kohat pass。 

     ��3�А�All the texts have Kwuy´king。 See chapter xii�察�note 13。 

     ��4�А�A very natural exclamation�察�but out of place and inconsistent from 

the lips of Fa´hien。 The Chinese character ��。���察�which he employed�察�may be 

rendered   rightly   by   ;fate;   or   ;destiny�察─  �but   the   fate   is   not   unintelligent。 

The term implies a factor�察�or fa´tor�察�and supposes the ordination of Heaven 

or God。 A Confucian idea for the moment overcame his Buddhism。 

     ��5�А�Lo´e�察�or Rohi�察�is a name for Afghanistan�察�but only a portion of it 

can be here intended。 

     ��6�А�We are now therefore in 404。 

     ��7�А  �No    doubt    the  present    district  of   Bannu�察   �in  the   Lieutenant´ 

Governorship of the Punjab�察�between 32d 10s and 33d 15s N。 lat。�察�and 70d 

26s and 72d E。 lon。 See Hunter's Gazetteer of India�察�i�察�p。 393。 

     ��8�А�They had then crossed the Indus 

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