a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村)-及14何蛍
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
26s and 72d E。 lon。 See Hunter's Gazetteer of India�察�i�察�p。 393。
��8�А�They had then crossed the Indus before。 They had done so�察�indeed�察�
twice�察 �first�察 �from north to south�察 �at Skardo or east of it�察 �and second�察 �as
described in chapter vii。
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CHAPTER XV
BHIDA。 SYMPATHY OF MONKS WITH THE PILGRIMS。
After they had crossed the river�察�there was a country named Pe´ t'oo�撮�1�А�
where Buddhism was very flourishing�察�and ��the monks�� studied both the
mahayana and hinayana。 When they saw their fellow´disciples from Ts'in
passing along�察 �they were moved with great pity and sympathy�察 �and
expressed themselves thus�此 �How is it that these men from a border´land
should have learned to become monks�撮�2�А �and come for the sake of our
doctrines from such a distance in search of the Law of Buddha�拭─ �They
supplied them with what they needed�察�and treated them in accordance with
the rules of the Law。
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NOTES
��1�А�Bhida。 Eitel says�察 �The present Punjab�察─�i。e。 it was a portion of that。
��2�А �To come forth from their families�察─�that is�察�to become celibates�察�
and adopt the tonsure。
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CHAPTER XVI
ON TO MATHURA OR MUTTRA。 CONDITION AND CUSTOMS
OF CENTRAL INDIA�察 �OF THE MONKS�察 �VIHARAS�察 �AND
MONASTERIES。
From this place they travelled south´east�察�passing by a succession of
very many monasteries�察�with a multitude of monks�察�who might be counted
by myriads。 After passing all these places�察�they came to a country named
Ma´t'aou´lo。��1�А�They still followed the course of the P'oo´na��2�А�river�察�on
the banks of which�察�left and right�察�there were twenty monasteries�察�which
might contain three thousand monks�察�and ��here�� the Law of Buddha was
still more flourishing。 Everywhere�察 �from the Sandy Desert�察 �in all the
countries of India�察 �the kings had been firm believers in that Law。 When
they make their offerings to a community of monks�察 �they take off their
royal caps�察�and along with their relatives and ministers�察�supply them with
food with their own hands。 That done�察。�the king�� has a carpet spread for
himself on the ground�察�and sits down in front of the chairman��they dare
not presume to sit on couches in front of the community。 The laws and
ways�察�according to which the kings presented their offerings when Buddha
was in the world�察�have been handed down to the present day。
All south from this is named the Middle Kingdom。��3�А �In it the cold
and heat are finely tempered�察�and there is neither hoarfrost nor snow。 The
people are numerous and happy�察�they have not to register their households�察�
or attend to any magistrates and their rules�察�only those who cultivate the
royal land have to pay ��a portion of�� the grain from it。 If they want to go�察�
they go�察 �if they want to stay on�察 �they stay。 The king governs without
decapitation or ��other�� corporal punishments。 Criminals are simply fined�察�
lightly or heavily�察�according to the circumstances ��of each case��。 Even in
cases of repeated attempts at wicked rebellion�察�they only have their right
hands cut off。 The king's body´guards and attendants all have salaries。
Throughout the whole country the people do not kill any living creature�察�
nor drink intoxicating liquor�察�nor eat onions or garlic。 The only exception
is that of the Chandalas。��4�А�That is the name for those who are ��held to be��
wicked men�察�and live apart from others。 When they enter the gate of a city
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or a market´place�察�they strike a piece of wood to make themselves known�察�
so that men know and avoid them�察�and do not come into contact with them。
In that country they do not keep pigs and fowls�察�and do not sell live cattle�察�
in the markets there are no butchers' shops and no dealers in intoxicating
drink。 In buying and selling commodities they use cowries。��5�А �Only the
Chandalas are fishermen and hunters�察�and sell flesh meat。
After Buddha attained to pari´nirvana�撮�6�А �the kings of the various
countries and the heads of the Vaisyas��7�А�built viharas for the priests�察�and
endowed them with fields�察�houses�察�gardens�察�and orchards�察�along with the
resident populations and their cattle�察�the grants being engraved on plates of
metal�撮�8�А �so that afterwards they were handed down from king to king�察�
without any daring to annul them�察 �and they remain even to the present
time。
The regular business of the monks is to perform acts of meritorious
virtue�察�and to recite their Sutras and sit wrapt in meditation。 When stranger
monks arrive ��at any monastery���察�the old residents meet and receive them�察�
carry for them their clothes and alms´bowl�察�give them water to wash their
feet�察�oil with which to anoint them�察�and the liquid food permitted out of
the regular hours。��9�А �When ��the stranger�� has enjoyed a very brief rest�察�
they further ask the number of years that he has been a monk�察�after which
he receives a sleeping apartment with its appurtenances�察�according to his
regular order�察 �and everything is done for him which the rules
prescribe。��10�А�
Where a community of monks resides�察 �they erect topes to
Sariputtra�撮�11�А�to Maha´maudgalyayana�撮�12�А�and to Ananda�撮�13�А�and also
topes ��in honour�� of the Abhidharma�察�the Vinaya�察�and the Sutras。 A month
after the ��annual season of�� rest�察 �the families which are looking out for
blessing stimulate one another��14�А �to make offerings to the monks�察 �and
send round to them the liquid food which may be taken out of the ordinary
hours。 All the monks come together in a great assembly�察�and preach the
Law�撮�15�А�after which offerings are presented at the tope of Sariputtra�察�with
all kinds of flowers and incense。 All through the night lamps are kept
burning�察�and skilful musicians are employed to perform。��16�А�
When Sariputtra was a great Brahman�察�he went to Buddha�察�and begged
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��to be permitted�� to quit his family ��and become a monk��。 The great
Mugalan and the great Kasyapa��17�А�also did the same。 The bhikshunis��18�А�
for the most part make their offerings at the tope of Ananda�察 �because it
was he who requested the World´honoured one to allow females to quit
their families ��and become nuns��。 The Sramaneras��19�А�mostly make their
offerings to Rahula。��20�А �The professors of the Abhidharma make their
offerings to it�察 �those of the Vinaya to it。 Every year there is one such
offering�察�and each class has its own day for it。 Students of the mahayana
present offerings to the Prajna´paramita�撮�21�А �to Manjusri�撮�22�А �and to
Kwan´she´yin。��23�А �When the monks have done receiving their annual
tribute ��from the harvests���撮�24�А �the Heads of the Vaisyas and all the
Brahmans bring clothes and other such articles as the monks require for
use�察 �and distribute among them。 The monks�察 �having received them�察 �also
proceed to give portions to one another。 From the nirvana of Buddha�撮�25�А�
the forms of ceremony�察 �laws�察 �and rules�察 �practised by the sacred
communities�察 �have been handed down from one generation to another
without interruption。
From the place where ��the travellers�� crossed the Indus to Southern
India�察�and on to the Southern Sea�察�a distance of forty or fifty thousand le�察�
all is level plain。 There are no large hills with streams ��among them���察�there
are simply the waters of the rivers。
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NOTES
��1�А �Muttra�察 �the peacock city�察─ �lat。 27d 30s N。�察 �lon。 77d 43s E。
��Hunter���察�the birthplace of Krishna�察�whose emblem is the peacock。
��2�А�This must be the Jumna�察�or Yamuna。 Why it is called�察�as here�察�the
P'oo´na has yet to be explained。
��3�А �In Pali�察 �Majjhima´desa�察 �the Middle Country。; See Davids'
;Buddhist Birth Stories�察─�page 61�察�note。
��4�А �Eitel ��pp。 145�察 �6�� says�察 �The name Chandalas is explained by
'butchers��' 'wicked men��' and those who carry 'the awful flag��' to warn off
their betters��the lowest and most despised caste of India�察 �members of
which�察�however�察�when converted�察�were admitted even into the ranks of the
priesthood。;
��5�А �Cowries�察─。�。�� ��。���察�not ;shells and ivory�察─�as one might suppose�察�
but cowries alone�察�the second term entering into the name from the marks
inside the edge of the shell�察�resembling ;the teeth of fishes。;
��6�А �See chapter xii�察 �note 3�察�