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��6�А �See chapter xii�察 �note 3�察 �Buddha's pari´nirvana is equivalent to
Buddha's death。
��7�А�See chapter xiii�察�note 6。 The order of the characters is different here�察�
but with the same meaning。
��8�А �See the preparation of such a deed of grant in a special case�察 �as
related in chapter xxxix。 No doubt in Fa´hien's time�察�and long before and
after it�察�it was the custom to engrave such deeds on plates of metal。
��9�А �No monk can eat solid food except between sunrise and noon�察─�
and total abstinence from intoxicating drinks is obligatory ��Davids'
Manual�察�p。 163��。 Food eaten at any other part of the day is called vikala�察�
and forbidden�察 �but a weary traveller might receive unseasonable
refreshment�察 �consisting�察 �as Watters has shown ��Ch。 Rev。 viii。 282���察 �of
honey�察�butter�察�treacle�察�and sesamum oil。
��10�А�The expression here is somewhat perplexing�察�but it occurs again
in chapter xxxviii�察�and the meaning is clear。 See Watters�察�Ch。 Rev。 viii。 282�察�
3。 The rules are given at length in the Sacred Books of the East�察�vol。 xx�察�p。
272 and foll。�察�and p。 279 and foll。
��11�А �Sariputtra ��Singh。 Seriyut�� was one of the principal disciples of
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Buddha�察�and indeed the most learned and ingenious of them all�察�so that he
obtained the title of ��。�� ��。���察 �knowledge and wisdom。; He is also called
Buddha's ;right´hand attendant。; His name is derived from that of his
mother Sarika�察�the wife of Tishya�察�a native of Nalanda。 In Spence Hardy�察�
he often appears under the name of Upatissa ��Upa´ tishya���察�derived from
his father。 Several Sastras are ascribed to him�察�and indeed the followers of
the Abhidharma look on him as their founder。 He died before Sakyamuni�察�
but is to reappear as a future Buddha。 Eitel�察�pp。 123�察�124。
��12�А �Mugalan�察 �the Singhalese name of this disciple�察 �is more
pronounceable。 He also was one of the principal disciples�察�called Buddha's
;left´hand attendant。; He was distinguished for his power of vision�察 �and
his magical powers。 The name in the text is derived from the former
attribute�察�and it was by the latter that he took up an artist to Tushita to get a
view of Sakyamuni�察 �and so make a statue of him。 ��Compare the similar
story in chap。 vi。�� He went to hell�察�and released his mother。 He also died
before Sakyamuni�察�and is to reappear as Buddha。 Eitel�察�p。 65。
��13�А�See chapter xii�察�note 2。
��14�А�A passage rather difficult to construe。 The ;families; would be
those more devout than their neighbours。
��15�А�One rarely hears this preaching in China。 It struck me most as I
once heard it at Osaka in Japan。 There was a pulpit in a large hall of the
temple�察�and the audience sat around on the matted floor。 One priest took
the pulpit after another�察�and the hearers nodded their heads occasionally�察�
and indicated their sympathy now and then by an audible ;h'm�察─ �which
reminded me of Carlyle's description of meetings of ;The Ironsides; of
Cromwell。
��16�А�This last statement is wanting in the Chinese editions。
��17�А �There was a Kasyapa Buddha�察 �anterior to Sakyamuni。 But this
Maha´ kasyapa was a Brahman of Magadha�察 �who was converted by
Buddha�察 �and became one of his disciples。 He took the lead after
Sakyamuni's death�察�convoked and directed the first synod�察�from which his
title of Arya´ sthavira is derived。 As the first compiler of the Canon�察�he is
considered the fountain of Chinese orthodoxy�察 �and counted as the first
patriarch。 He also is to be reborn as Buddha。 Eitel�察�p。 64。
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��18�А�The bhikshunis are the female monks or nuns�察�subject to the same
rules as the bhikshus�察 �and also to special ordinances of restraint。 See
Hardy's E。 M。�察 �chap。 17。 See also Sacred Books of the East�察 �vol。 xx�察 �p。
321。
��19�А�The Sramaneras are the novices�察�male or female�察�who have vowed
to observe the Shikshapada�察�or ten commandments。 Fa´hien was himself
one of them from his childhood。 Having heard the Trisharana�察�or threefold
formula of Refuge�察�I take refuge in Buddha�察�the Law�察�the Church�察�the
novice undertakes to observe the ten precepts that forbid ��1�� destroying
life�察。�2�� stealing�察。�3�� impurity�察。�4�� lying�察。�5�� intoxicating drinks�察。�6�� eating
after midday�察 。�7�� dancing�察 �singing�察 �music�察 �and stage´plays�察 。�8�� garlands�察�
scents�察�unguents�察�and ornaments�察。�9�� high or broad couches�察。�10�� receiving
gold or silver。; Davids' Manual�察�p。 160�察�Hardy's E。 M。�察�pp。 23�察�24。
��20�А �The eldest son of Sakyamuni by Yasodhara。 Converted to
Buddhism�察�he followed his father as an attendant�察�and after Buddha's death
became the founder of a philosophical realistic school ��vaibhashika��。 He is
now revered as the patron saint of all novices�察�and is to be reborn as the
eldest son of every future Buddha。 Eitel�察�p。 101。 His mother also is to be
reborn as Buddha。
��21�А�There are six ��sometimes increased to ten�� paramitas�察 �means of
passing to nirvana��Charity�察 �morality�察 �patience�察 �energy�察 �tranquil
contemplation�察 �wisdom ��prajna���察 �made up to ten by use of the proper
means�察 �science�察 �pious vows�察 �and force of purpose。 But it is only prajna
which carries men across the samsara to the shores of nirvana。; Eitel�察�p。
90。
��22�А �According to Eitel ��pp。 71�察 �72���察 �A famous Bodhisattva�察 �now
specially worshipped in Shan´se�察�whose antecedents are a hopeless jumble
of history and fable。 Fa´hien found him here worshipped by followers of
the mahayana school�察 �but Hsuan´chwang connects his worship with the
yogachara or tantra´magic school。 The mahayana school regard him as the
apotheosis of perfect wisdom。 His most common titles are Mahamati�察�
;Great wisdom�察─ �and Kumara´raja�察 �King of teaching�察 �with a thousand
arms and a hundred alms´bowls。;
��23�А �Kwan´she´yin and the dogmas about him or her are as great a
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mystery as Manjusri。 The Chinese name is a mistranslation of the Sanskrit
name Avalokitesvra�察 �On´looking Sovereign�察─�or even ;On´ looking Self´
Existent�察─ �and means ;Regarding or Looking on the sounds of the
world�察�=;Hearer of Prayer。; Originally�察�and still in Thibet�察�Avalokitesvara
had only male attributes�察 �but in China and Japan ��Kwannon���察 �this deity
��such popularly she is�� is represented as a woman�察 �Kwan´yin�察�the greatly
gentle�察�with a thousand arms and a thousand eyes�察─�and has her principal
seat in the island of P'oo´t'oo�察�on the China coast�察�which is a regular place
of pilgrimage。 To the worshippers of whom Fa´hien speaks�察�Kwan´she´yin
would only be Avalokitesvara。 How he was converted into the ;goddess of
mercy�察─�and her worship took the place which it now has in China�察 �is a
difficult inquiry�察 �which would take much time and space�察 �and not be
brought after all�察�so far as I see�察�to a satisfactory conclusion。 See Eitel's
Handbook�察�pp。 18´20�察�and his Three Lectures on Buddhism ��third edition���察�
pp。 124´131。 I was talking on the subject once with an intelligent Chinese
gentleman�察 �when he remarked�察 �Have you not much the same thing in
Europe in the worship of Mary�拭─�
��24�А�Compare what is said in chap。 v。
��25�А�This nirvana of Buddha must benot his death�察�but his attaining
to Buddhaship。
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CHAPTER XVII
SANKASYA。 BUDDHA'S ASCENT TO AND DESCENT FROM
THE TRAYASTRIMSAS HEAVEN�察�AND OTHER LEGENDS。
From this they proceeded south´east for eighteen yojanas�察�and found
themselves in a kingdom called Sankasya�撮�1�А�at the place where Buddha
came down�察 �after ascending to the Trayastrimsas heaven�撮�2�А �and there
preaching for three months his Law for the benefit of his mother。��3�А�
Buddha had gone up to this heaven by his supernatural power�撮�4�А�without
letting his disciples know�察 �but seven days before the completion ��of the
three months�� he laid aside his invisibility�撮�4�А�and Anuruddha�撮�5�А�with his
heavenly eyes�撮�5�А�saw the World´honoured one�察�and immediately said to
the honoured one�察�the great Mugalan�察 �Do you go and salute the World´
honoured one。; Mugalan forthwith went�察 �and with head and face did
homage at ��Buddha's�� feet。 They then saluted and questioned each other�察�
and when this was over�察�Buddha said to Mugalan�察 �Seven days after this I
will go down to Jambudvipa�察─ �and thereupon Mugalan returned。 At this
time the great kings of eight countries with their ministers and people�察�not
having seen Buddha for a long time�察�were all thirstily looking up for him�察�
and had collected in clouds in this kingdom to wait for the World´
honoured one。
Then the bhikshuni Utpala��6�А�thought in her heart�察 �To´day the