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及15何蛍

a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村)-及15何蛍

弌傍�� a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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     ��6�А  �See   chapter   xii�察  �note   3�察  �Buddha's   pari´nirvana   is   equivalent   to 

Buddha's death。 

     ��7�А�See chapter xiii�察�note 6。 The order of the characters is different here�察�

but with the same meaning。 

     ��8�А �See   the   preparation   of   such   a   deed of   grant   in   a   special   case�察  �as 

related in chapter xxxix。 No doubt in Fa´hien's time�察�and long before and 

after it�察�it was the custom to engrave such deeds on plates of metal。 

     ��9�А  �No   monk   can   eat solid   food   except   between   sunrise   and   noon�察─�

and     total  abstinence     from    intoxicating     drinks   is  obligatory     ��Davids' 

Manual�察�p。 163��。 Food eaten at any other part of the day is called vikala�察�

and     forbidden�察    �but    a  weary     traveller    might     receive    unseasonable 

refreshment�察  �consisting�察  �as   Watters   has   shown   ��Ch。   Rev。   viii。   282���察  �of 

honey�察�butter�察�treacle�察�and sesamum oil。 

     ��10�А�The expression here is somewhat perplexing�察�but it occurs again 

in chapter xxxviii�察�and the meaning is clear。 See Watters�察�Ch。 Rev。 viii。 282�察�

3。 The rules are given at length in the Sacred Books of the East�察�vol。 xx�察�p。 

272 and foll。�察�and p。 279 and foll。 

     ��11�А �Sariputtra  ��Singh。   Seriyut��   was   one  of   the   principal   disciples   of 



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Buddha�察�and indeed the most learned and ingenious of them all�察�so that he 

obtained the title of ��。�� ��。���察 �knowledge and wisdom。; He is also called 

Buddha's   ;right´hand   attendant。;   His   name   is   derived   from   that   of   his 

mother Sarika�察�the wife of Tishya�察�a native of Nalanda。 In Spence Hardy�察�

he often appears under the name of Upatissa ��Upa´ tishya���察�derived from 

his father。 Several Sastras are ascribed to him�察�and indeed the followers of 

the Abhidharma look on him as their founder。 He died before Sakyamuni�察�

but is to reappear as a future Buddha。 Eitel�察�pp。 123�察�124。 

     ��12�А   �Mugalan�察     �the   Singhalese      name     of   this   disciple�察  �is   more 

pronounceable。 He also was one of the principal disciples�察�called Buddha's 

;left´hand   attendant。;   He  was   distinguished   for his   power of   vision�察 �and 

his   magical   powers。   The   name   in   the   text   is   derived   from   the   former 

attribute�察�and it was by the latter that he took up an artist to Tushita to get a 

view of   Sakyamuni�察 �and   so   make   a   statue   of him。   ��Compare   the   similar 

story in chap。 vi。�� He went to hell�察�and released his mother。 He also died 

before Sakyamuni�察�and is to reappear as Buddha。 Eitel�察�p。 65。 

     ��13�А�See chapter xii�察�note 2。 

     ��14�А�A  passage   rather   difficult   to   construe。   The   ;families;   would   be 

those more devout than their neighbours。 

     ��15�А�One rarely hears this preaching in China。 It struck me most as I 

once heard it at Osaka in Japan。 There was a pulpit in a large hall of the 

temple�察�and the audience sat around on the matted floor。 One priest took 

the pulpit after another�察�and the hearers nodded their heads occasionally�察�

and   indicated   their   sympathy   now   and   then   by   an   audible   ;h'm�察─  �which 

reminded   me   of   Carlyle's   description   of   meetings   of   ;The   Ironsides;   of 

Cromwell。 

     ��16�А�This last statement is wanting in the Chinese editions。 

     ��17�А  �There   was   a   Kasyapa   Buddha�察  �anterior   to   Sakyamuni。   But   this 

Maha´      kasyapa    was    a  Brahman      of  Magadha�察     �who    was   converted     by 

Buddha�察     �and    became     one    of  his   disciples。   He    took   the   lead   after 

Sakyamuni's death�察�convoked and directed the first synod�察�from which his 

title of Arya´ sthavira is derived。 As the first compiler of the Canon�察�he is 

considered   the   fountain   of   Chinese   orthodoxy�察  �and   counted   as   the   first 

patriarch。 He also is to be reborn as Buddha。 Eitel�察�p。 64。 



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     ��18�А�The bhikshunis are the female monks or nuns�察�subject to the same 

rules   as   the   bhikshus�察  �and   also   to   special   ordinances   of   restraint。   See 

Hardy's   E。   M。�察  �chap。   17。   See   also   Sacred   Books   of   the   East�察  �vol。   xx�察 �p。 

321。 

     ��19�А�The Sramaneras are the novices�察�male or female�察�who have vowed 

to observe the Shikshapada�察�or ten commandments。 Fa´hien was himself 

one of them from his childhood。 Having heard the Trisharana�察�or threefold 

formula of Refuge�察�I take refuge in Buddha�察�the Law�察�the Church�察�the 

novice undertakes to observe the ten precepts that forbid ��1�� destroying 

life�察。�2�� stealing�察。�3�� impurity�察。�4�� lying�察。�5�� intoxicating drinks�察。�6�� eating 

after   midday�察  。�7��   dancing�察 �singing�察  �music�察 �and   stage´plays�察  。�8��   garlands�察�

scents�察�unguents�察�and ornaments�察。�9�� high or broad couches�察。�10�� receiving 

gold or silver。; Davids' Manual�察�p。 160�察�Hardy's E。 M。�察�pp。 23�察�24。 

     ��20�А   �The    eldest   son   of   Sakyamuni       by   Yasodhara。      Converted      to 

Buddhism�察�he followed his father as an attendant�察�and after Buddha's death 

became the founder of a philosophical realistic school ��vaibhashika��。 He is 

now revered as the patron saint of all novices�察�and is to be reborn as the 

eldest son of every future Buddha。 Eitel�察�p。 101。 His mother also is to be 

reborn as Buddha。 

     ��21�А�There are six ��sometimes increased to ten�� paramitas�察 �means of 

passing      to   nirvana��Charity�察       �morality�察    �patience�察    �energy�察    �tranquil 

contemplation�察  �wisdom   ��prajna���察  �made   up   to   ten   by   use   of   the   proper 

means�察  �science�察  �pious   vows�察  �and   force   of   purpose。   But   it   is   only   prajna 

which carries men across the samsara to the shores of nirvana。; Eitel�察�p。 

90。 

     ��22�А  �According   to   Eitel   ��pp。   71�察  �72���察   �A   famous   Bodhisattva�察  �now 

specially worshipped in Shan´se�察�whose antecedents are a hopeless jumble 

of history and fable。 Fa´hien found him here worshipped by followers of 

the   mahayana   school�察  �but   Hsuan´chwang   connects   his   worship   with   the 

yogachara or tantra´magic school。 The mahayana school regard him as the 

apotheosis   of   perfect   wisdom。   His       most   common   titles   are   Mahamati�察�

;Great   wisdom�察─  �and   Kumara´raja�察   �King   of   teaching�察  �with   a   thousand 

arms and a hundred alms´bowls。; 

     ��23�А  �Kwan´she´yin   and   the   dogmas   about   him   or   her   are   as   great   a 



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mystery as Manjusri。 The Chinese name is a mistranslation of the Sanskrit 

name Avalokitesvra�察 �On´looking Sovereign�察─�or even ;On´ looking Self´ 

Existent�察─    �and   means     ;Regarding     or   Looking     on   the  sounds     of  the 

world�察�=;Hearer of Prayer。; Originally�察�and still in Thibet�察�Avalokitesvara 

had   only   male   attributes�察  �but   in   China   and   Japan   ��Kwannon���察  �this   deity 

��such popularly she is�� is represented as a woman�察 �Kwan´yin�察�the greatly 

gentle�察�with a thousand arms and a thousand eyes�察─�and has her principal 

seat in the island of P'oo´t'oo�察�on the China coast�察�which is a regular place 

of pilgrimage。 To the worshippers of whom Fa´hien speaks�察�Kwan´she´yin 

would only be Avalokitesvara。 How he was converted into the ;goddess of 

mercy�察─�and   her  worship took   the place  which it now  has in   China�察 �is   a 

difficult   inquiry�察  �which   would   take   much   time   and   space�察  �and   not     be 

brought after all�察�so far as I see�察�to a satisfactory conclusion。 See Eitel's 

Handbook�察�pp。 18´20�察�and his Three Lectures on Buddhism ��third edition���察�

pp。 124´131。 I was talking on the subject once with an intelligent Chinese 

gentleman�察  �when   he   remarked�察   �Have   you   not   much   the   same   thing   in 

Europe in the worship of Mary�拭─�

     ��24�А�Compare what is said in chap。 v。 

     ��25�А�This nirvana of Buddha must benot his death�察�but his attaining 

to Buddhaship。 



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                           CHAPTER XVII 



     SANKASYA。          BUDDHA'S         ASCENT       TO    AND     DESCENT        FROM 

THE TRAYASTRIMSAS HEAVEN�察�AND OTHER LEGENDS。 

     From this they proceeded south´east for eighteen yojanas�察�and   found 

themselves in a kingdom called Sankasya�撮�1�А�at the place where Buddha 

came   down�察  �after   ascending   to   the   Trayastrimsas   heaven�撮�2�А  �and   there 

preaching     for   three  months     his  Law    for  the  benefit   of  his  mother。��3�А�

Buddha had gone up to this heaven by his supernatural power�撮�4�А�without 

letting   his   disciples know�察  �but   seven   days   before   the  completion   ��of   the 

three months�� he laid aside his invisibility�撮�4�А�and Anuruddha�撮�5�А�with his 

heavenly eyes�撮�5�А�saw the World´honoured one�察�and immediately said to 

the honoured one�察�the great Mugalan�察 �Do you go and salute the World´ 

honoured      one。;   Mugalan     forthwith    went�察  �and   with   head   and   face   did 

homage at ��Buddha's�� feet。 They then saluted and questioned each other�察�

and when this was over�察�Buddha said to Mugalan�察 �Seven days after this I 

will   go   down   to   Jambudvipa�察─  �and   thereupon   Mugalan   returned。 At   this 

time the great kings of eight countries with their ministers and people�察�not 

having seen Buddha for a long time�察�were all thirstily looking up for him�察�

and    had   collected    in  clouds   in  this   kingdom     to  wait   for  the  World´ 

honoured one。 

     Then the bhikshuni Utpala��6�А�thought in her heart�察 �To´day the

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