a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村)-及30何蛍
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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
seventh class of sentient beings。 Taoism�察�as well as Buddhism�察�has its Seen
jin。
��5�А�See chap。 xiii�察�note 15。
��6�А�See chap。 xxii�察�note 2。
��7�А�For another legend about this park�察�and the identification of ;a fine
wood; still existing�察�see note in Beal's first version�察�p。 135。
��8�А �A prince of Magadha and a maternal uncle of Sakyamuni�察 �who
gave him the name of Ajnata�察 �meaning automat�察 �and hence he often
appears as Ajnata Kaundinya。 He and his four friends had followed
Sakyamuni into the Uruvilva desert�察 �sympathising with him in the
austerities he endured�察�and hoping that they would issue in his Buddhaship。
They were not aware that that issue had come�察�which may show us that all
the accounts in the thirty´first chapter are merely descriptions�察�by means of
external imagery�察 �of what had taken place internally。 The kingdom of
nirvana had come without observation。 These friends knew it not�察�and they
were offended by what they considered Sakyamuni's failure�察 �and the
course he was now pursuing。 See the account of their conversion in M。 B。�察�
p。 186。
��9�А�This is the only instance in Fa´hien's text where the Bodhisattva or
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Buddha is called by the surname ;Gotama。; For the most part our traveller
uses Buddha as a proper name�察 �though it properly means ;The
Enlightened。; He uses also the combinations ;Sakya Buddha�察�=;The
Buddha of the Sakya tribe�察─ �and ;Sakyamuni�察�=;The Sakya sage。; This
last is the most common designation of the Buddha in China�察�and to my
mind best combines the characteristics of a descriptive and a proper name。
Among other Buddhistic peoples ;Gotama; and ;Gotama Buddha; are the
more frequent designations。 It is not easy to account for the rise of the
surname Gotama in the Sakya family�察 �as Oldenberg acknowledges。 He
says that ;the Sakyas�察 �in accordance with the custom of Indian noble
families�察�had borrowed it from one of the ancient Vedic bard families。; Dr。
Davids �─�Buddhism�察─ �p。 27�� says�此 �The family name was certainly
Gautama�察─�adding in a note�察 �It is a curious fact that Gautama is still the
family name of the Rajput chiefs of Nagara�察 �the village which has been
identified with Kapilavastu。; Dr。 Eitel says that ;Gautama was the
sacerdotal name of the Sakya family�察 �which counted the ancient rishi
Gautama among its ancestors。; When we proceed�察�however�察�to endeavour
to trace the connexion of that Brahmanical rishi with the Sakya house�察�by
means of 1323�察 �1468�察 �1469�察 �and other historical works in Nanjio's
Catalogue�察 �we soon find that Indian histories have no surer foundation
than the shifting sand��see E。 H。�察�on the name Sakya�察�pp。 108�察�109。 We
must be content for the present simply to accept Gotama as one of the
surnames of the Buddha with whom we have to do。
��10�А �See chap。 vi�察 �note 5。 It is there said that the prediction of
Maitreya's succession to the Buddhaship was made to him in the Tushita
heaven。 Was there a repetition of it here in the Deer´park�察 �or was a
prediction now given concerning something else�拭�
��11�А�Nothing seems to be known of this naga but what we read here。
��12�А�Identified by some with Kusia�察�near Kurrah ��lat。 25d 41s N。�察�lon。
81d 27s E。���察 �by others with Kosam on the Jumna�察 �thirty miles above
Allahabad。 See E。 H。�察�p。 55。
��13�А�Ghochira was the name of a Vaisya elder�察�or head�察�who presented
a garden and vihara to Buddha。 Hardy ��M。 B。�察�p。 356�� quotes a statement
from a Singhalese authority that Sakyamuni resided here during the ninth
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year of his Buddhaship。
��14�А�Dr。 Davids thinks this may refer to the striking and beautiful story
of the conversion of the Yakkha Alavaka�察 �as related in the Uragavagga�察�
Alavakasutta�察�pp。 29´31 ��Sacred Books of the East�察�vol。 x�察�part ii��。
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CHAPTER XXXV
DAKSHINA�察�AND THE PIGEON MONASTERY。
South from this 200 yojanas�察 �there is a country named Dakshina�撮�1�А�
where there is a monastery ��dedicated to�� the bygone Kasyapa Buddha�察�
and which has been hewn out from a large hill of rock。 It consists in all of
five storeys��the lowest�察 �having the form of an elephant�察 �with 500
apartments in the rock�察 �the second�察 �having the form of a lion�察 �with 400
apartments�察�the third�察�having the form of a horse�察�with 300 apartments�察�the
fourth�察 �having the form of an ox�察 �with 200 apartments�察 �and the fifth�察�
having the form of a pigeon�察�with 100 apartments。 At the very top there is
a spring�察�the water of which�察�always in front of the apartments in the rock�察�
goes round among the rooms�察�now circling�察�now curving�察�till in this way it
arrives at the lowest storey�察�having followed the shape of the structure�察�and
flows out there at the door。 Everywhere in the apartments of the monks�察�
the rock has been pierced so as to form windows for the admission of light�察�
so that they are all bright�察�without any being left in darkness。 At the four
corners of the ��tiers of�� apartments�察�the rock has been hewn so as to form
steps for ascending to the top ��of each��。 The men of the present day�察�being
of small size�察�and going up step by step�察�manage to get to the top�察�but in a
former age�察�they did so at one step。��2�А�Because of this�察�the monastery is
called Paravata�察�that being the Indian name for a pigeon。 There are always
Arhats residing in it。
The country about is ��a tract of�� uncultivated hillocks�撮�3�А �without
inhabitants。 At a very long distance from the hill there are villages�察�where
the people all have bad and erroneous views�察 �and do not know the
Sramanas of the Law of Buddha�察�Brahmanas�察�or ��devotees of�� any of the
other and different schools。 The people of that country are constantly
seeing men on the wing�察 �who come and enter this monastery。 On one
occasion�察 �when devotees of various countries came to perform their
worship at it�察�the people of those villages said to them�察 �Why do you not
fly�拭 �The devotees whom we have seen hereabouts all fly�察─ �and the
strangers answered�察 �on the spur of the moment�察 �Our wings are not yet
fully formed。;
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The kingdom of Dakshina is out of the way�察�and perilous to traverse。
There are difficulties in connexion with the roads�察 �but those who know
how to manage such difficulties and wish to proceed should bring with
them money and various articles�察�and give them to the king。 He will then
send men to escort them。 These will ��at different stages�� pass them over to
others�察 �who will show them the shortest routes。 Fa´hien�察 �however�察 �was
after all unable to go there�察�but having received the ��above�� accounts from
men of the country�察�he has narrated them。
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NOTES
��1�А �Said to be the ancient name of the Deccan。 As to the various
marvels in the chapter�察�it must be borne in mind that our author�察�as he tells
us at the end�察�only gives them from hearsay。 See ;Buddhist Records of the
Western World�察─�vol。 ii�察�pp。 214�察�215�察�where the description�察�however�察�is
very different。
��2�А�Compare the account of Buddha's great stride of fifteen yojanas in
Ceylon�察�as related in chapter xxxviii。
��3�А �See the same phrase in the Books of the Later Han dynasty�察 �the
twenty´fourth Book of Biographies�察�p。 9b。
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CHAPTER XXXVI
IN PATNA。 FA´HIEN'S LABOURS IN TRANSCRIPTION OF
MANUSCRIPTS�察�AND INDIAN STUDIES FOR THREE YEARS。
From Varanasi ��the travellers�� went back east to Pataliputtra。 Fa´hien's
original object had been to search for ��copies of�� the Vinaya。 In the various
kingdoms of North India�察�however�察�he had found one master transmitting
orally ��the rules�� to another�察 �but no written copies which he could
transcribe。 He had therefore travelled far and come on to Central India。
Here�察 �in the mahayana monastery�撮�1�А �he found a copy of the Vinaya�察�
containing the Mahasanghika��2�А�rules��those which were observed in the
first Great Council�察�while Buddha was still in the world。 The original copy
was handed down in the Jetavana vihara。 As to the other eighteen
schools�撮�3�А�each one has the views and decisions of its own masters。 T