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a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村)-及31何蛍

弌傍�� a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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was     handed    down     in  the  Jetavana     vihara。   As   to  the   other   eighteen 

schools�撮�3�А�each one has the views and decisions of its own masters。 Those 

agree ��with this�� in the general meaning�察�but they have small and trivial 

differences�察  �as   when   one   opens   and   another   shuts。��4�А  �This   copy   ��of   the 

rules���察�however�察�is the most complete�察�with the fullest explanations。��5�А�

     He    further   got  a  transcript   of  the   rules  in  six  or  seven    thousand 

gathas�撮�6�А�being the sarvastivadah��7�А�rules��those which are observed by 

the communities of monks in the land of Ts'in�察�which also have all been 

handed   down   orally   from   master   to   master   without   being   committed   to 

writing。    In  the   community      here�察  �moreover�察    �we   got  the   Samyuktabhi´ 

dharma´hridaya´��sastra���撮�8�А�containing about six or seven thousand gathas�察�

he   also   got  a  Sutra   of  2500    gathas�察  �one   chapter    of  the  Parinir´vana´ 

vaipulya     Sutra�撮�9�А   �of  about    5000    gathas�察   �and   the   Mahasan´      ghikah 

Abhidharma。 

     In consequence ��of this success in his quest�� Fa´hien stayed here for 

three years�察�learning Sanskrit books and the Sanskrit speech�察�and writing 

out the Vinaya rules。 When Tao´ching arrived in the Central Kingdom�察�and 

saw the rules observed by the Sramanas�察�and the dignified demeanour in 

their   societies   which   he   remarked   under   all   occurring   circumstances�察  �he 

sadly called to mind in what a mutilated and imperfect condition the rules 

were among the monkish communities in the land of Ts'in�察�and made the 

following   aspiration�此�From   this   time   forth   till   I   come   to   the   state   of 



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Buddha�察      �let  me    not    be   born    in  a   frontier    land。;��10�А    �He    remained 

accordingly  ��in   India���察  �and   did   not   return   ��to   the   land   of   Han��。   Fa´hien�察�

however�察  �whose   original   purpose   had   been   to   secure   the   introduction   of 

the complete Vinaya rules into the land of Han�察�returned there alone。 



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                                          NOTES 



     ��1�А�Mentioned before in chapter xxvii。 

     ��2�А  �Mahasanghikah   simply   means   ;the   Great   Assembly�察─  �that   is�察  �of 

monks。 When was this first   assembly in the time of   Sakyamuni held�拭�It 

does not appear that the rules observed at it were written down at the time。 

The document found by Fa´hien would be a record of those rules�察�or rather 

a   copy    of  that  record。   We    must    suppose    that  the   original   record   had 

disappeared   from   the   Jetavana   vihara�察  �or   Fa´hien   would   probably   have 

spoken of it when he was there�察�and copied it�察�if he had been allowed to do 

so。 

     ��3�А�The eighteen pu ��。��。 Four times in this chapter the character called 

pu   occurs�察  �and   in   the   first   and   two   last   instances   it   can   only   have   the 

meaning�察�often belonging to it�察�of ;copy。; The second instance�察�however�察�

is   different。   How   should   there   be   eighteen   copies�察  �all   different   from   the 

original�察  �and   from   one   another�察  �in   minor   matters�拭  �We   are   compelled   to 

translate;the      eighteen     schools�察─   �an   expression      well   known      in   all 

Buddhist writings。 See Rhys Davids' Manual�察�p。 218�察�and the authorities 

there quoted。 

     ��4�А�This   is   equivalent   to   the   ;binding;   and   ;loosing�察─   �opening;   and 

;shutting�察─    �which     found    their  way    into  the   New     Testament�察    �and   the 

Christian Church�察�from the schools of the Jewish Rabbins。 

     ��5�А�It was afterwards translated by Fa´hien into Chinese。 See Nanjio's 

Catalogue of the Chinese Tripitaka�察�columns 400 and 401�察�and Nos。 1119 

and 1150�察�columns 247 and 253。 

     ��6�А�A gatha is a stanza�察�generally consisting�察�it has seemed to me�察�of a 

few�察�commonly of two�察�lines somewhat metrically arranged�察�but I do not 

know that its length is strictly defined。 

     ��7�А �A branch�察─�says Eitel�察 �of the great vaibhashika school�察�asserting 

the reality of all visible phenomena�察�and claiming the authority of Rahula。; 

     ��8�А�See  Nanjio's Catalogue�察 �No。 1287。  He does   not mention it in his 

account of Fa´hien�察�who�察�he says�察�translated the Samyukta´pitaka Sutra。 

     ��9�А�Probably Nanjio's Catalogue�察�No。 120�察�at any rate�察�connected with 

it。 



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     ��10�А�This then would be the consummation of the Sramana's being��to 

get   to   be   Buddha�察  �the   Buddha   of   his   time   in   his   Kalpa�察  �and   Tao´ching 

thought that he could attain to this consummation by a succession of births�察�

and was likely to attain to it sooner by living only in India。 If all this was 

not   in   his   mind�察  �he   yet   felt   that   each   of   his   successive   lives   would   be 

happier�察�if lived in India。 



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                        CHAPTER XXXVII 



     TO   CHAMPA  AND   TAMALIPTI。   STAY  AND   LABOURS   THERE 

FOR THREE YEARS。 TAKES SHIP TO SINGHALA�察�OR CEYLON。 

     Following   the   course   of   the   Ganges�察  �and   descending   eastwards   for 

eighteen   yojanas�察  �he   found   on   the   southern   bank   the   great   kingdom   of 

Champa�撮�1�А       �with   topes   reared   at  the  places    where    Buddha     walked     in 

meditation      by   his   vihara�察  �and   where    he   and   the   three   Buddhas�察    �his 

predecessors�察�sat。 There were monks residing at them all。 Continuing his 

journey      east   for  nearly    fifty   yojanas�察   �he   came     to  the   country     of 

Tamalipti�撮�2�А。�the capital of which is�� a seaport。 In the country there are 

twenty´two   monasteries�察  �at   all   of   which   there   are   monks   residing。   The 

Law  of   Buddha   is   also   flourishing   in   it。   Here   Fa´hien stayed   two   years�察�

writing out his Sutras�撮�3�А�and drawing pictures of images。 

     After this he embarked in a large merchant´vessel�察�and went floating 

over   the   sea   to   the   south´west。   It   was   the   beginning   of   winter�察  �and   the 

wind was favourable�察�and�察�after fourteen days�察�sailing day and night�察�they 

came   to   the   country   of   Singhala。��4�А  �The   people   said   that   it   was   distant 

��from Tamalipti�� about 700 yojanas。 

     The   kingdom   is   on   a   large   island�察  �extending   from   east   to   west   fifty 

yojanas�察�and from north to south thirty。 Left and right from it there are as 

many as 100 small islands�察�distant from one another ten�察�twenty�察�or even 

200 le�察�but all subject to the large island。 Most of them produce pearls and 

precious stones of various kinds�察�there is one which produces the pure and 

brilliant   pearl�撮�5��an   island   which   would   form  a   square   of   about   ten   le。 

The king employs men to watch and protect it�察�and requires three out of 

every ten such pearls�察�which the collectors find。 



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                                       NOTES 



     ��1�А�Probably the modern Champanagur�察�three miles west of Baglipoor�察�

lat。 25d 14s N。�察�lon。 56d 55s E。 

     ��2�А�Then the principal emporium for the trade with Ceylon and China�察�

the modern Tam´look�察�lat。 22d 17s N。�察�lon。 88d 2s E。�察�near the mouth of 

the Hoogly。 

     ��3�А  �Perhaps   Ching   ��。��   is   used   here   for   any   portions   of   the   Tripitaka 

which he had obtained。 

     ��4�А �The Kingdom of the Lion�察─�Ceylon。 Singhala was the name of a 

merchant   adventurer   from   India�察  �to   whom   the   founding   of   the   kingdom 

was ascribed。 His father was named Singha�察 �the Lion�察─�which became the 

name of the country��Singhala�察�or Singha´Kingdom�察 �the Country of the 

Lion。; 

     ��5�А�Called the mani pearl or bead。 Mani is explained as meaning ;free 

from stain�察─ �bright and growing purer。; It is a symbol of Buddha and of 

his Law。 The most valuable rosaries are made of manis。 



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                      CHAPTER XXXVIII 



     AT   CEYLON。   RISE   OF   THE   KINGDOM。   FEATS   OF   BUDDHA。 

TOPES AND   MONASTERIES。   STATUE   OF   BUDDHA  IN   JADE。   BO 

TREE。 FESTIVAL OF BUDDHA'S TOOTH。 

     The country originally had no human inhabitants�撮�1�А�but was occupied 

only   by   spirits   and  nagas�察  �with   which    merchants   of   various     countries 

carried on a trade。 When the trafficking was taking place�察�the spirits did 

not   show   themselves。 They  simply  set   forth their   precious   commodities�察�

with labels of the price attached to them�察�while the merchants made their 

purchases according to the price�察�and took the things away。 

     Through the coming and going of the merchants ��in this way���察�when 

they went away�察�the people of ��their�� various countries heard how pleasant 

the land was�察�and flocked to it in numbers till it became a great nation。 The 

��climate��   is   temperate   and   attractive�察  �without   any   difference   of   summer 

and    winter。   The    vegetation    is  always    luxuriant。    Cultivation    proceeds 

whenever men think fit�此�there are no fixed seasons for it。 

     When      Buddha     came    to  this  country�撮�2�А   �wishing     to  transform    the 

wicked nagas�察�by his supernatu

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