a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村)-及33何蛍
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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
chapter of his ;Buddhism; ascribes its introduction to one of Asoka's
missions�察�after the Council of Patna�察�under his son Mahinda�察�when Tissa�察�
;the delight of the gods�察─�was king ��B。C。 250´230��。
��3�А�This would be what is known as ;Adam's peak�察─�having�察�according
to Hardy ��pp。 211�察 �212�察 �notes���察 �the three names of Selesumano�察�
Samastakuta�察�and Samanila。 ;There is an indentation on the top of it�察─�a
superficial hollow�察�5 feet 3 3/4 inches long�察�and about 2 1/2 feet wide。 The
Hindus regard it as the footprint of Siva�察 �the Mohameddans�察 �as that of
Adam�察�and the Buddhists�察�as in the text��as having been made by Buddha。
��4�А�Meaning ;The Fearless Hill。; There is still the Abhayagiri tope�察�the
highest in Ceylon�察�according to Davids�察�250 feet in height�察�and built about
B。C。 90�察 �by Watta Gamini�察 �in whose reign�察 �about 160 years after the
Council of Patna�察 �and 330 years after the death of Sakyamuni�察 �the
Tripitaka was first reduced to writing in Ceylon�察 �Buddhism�察─�p。 234。
��5�А�We naturally suppose that the merchant´offerer was a Chinese�察�as
indeed the Chinese texts say�察 �and the fan such as Fa´hien had seen and
used in his native land。
��6�А�This should be the pippala�察�or bodhidruma�察�generally spoken of�察�in
connexion with Buddha�察 �as the Bo tree�察 �under which he attained to the
Buddhaship。 It is strange our author should have confounded them as he
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seems to do。 In what we are told of the tree here�察�we have�察�no doubt�察�his
account of the planting�察�growth�察�and preservation of the famous Bo tree�察�
which still exists in Ceylon。 It has been stated in a previous note that
Asoka's son�察 �Mahinda�察 �went as the apostle of Buddhism to Ceylon。 By´
and´by he sent for his sister Sanghamitta�察�who had entered the order at the
same time as himself�察 �and whose help was needed�察 �some of the king's
female relations having signified their wish to become nuns。 On leaving
India�察�she took with her a branch of the sacred Bo tree at Buddha Gaya�察�
under which Sakyamuni had become Buddha。 Of how the tree has grown
and still lives we have an account in Davids' ;Buddhism。; He quotes the
words of Sir Emerson Tennent�察�that it is ;the oldest historical tree in the
world�察─�but this must be denied if it be true�察�as Eitel says�察�that the tree at
Buddha Gaya�察�from which the slip that grew to be this tree was taken more
than 2000 years ago�察�is itself still living in its place。 We must conclude that
Fa´hien�察�when in Ceylon�察�heard neither of Mahinda nor Sanghamitta。
��7�А �Compare what is said in chap。 xvi�察 �about the inquiries made at
monasteries as to the standing of visitors in the monkhood�察�and duration of
their ministry。
��8�А �The phonetic values of the two Chinese characters here are in
Sanskrit sa�察�and va�察�bo or bha。 ;Sabaean; is Mr。 Beal's reading of them�察�
probably correct。 I suppose the merchants were Arabs�察�forerunners of the
so´called Moormen�察�who still form so important a part of the mercantile
community in Ceylon。
��9�А�A Kalpa�察 �we have seen�察 �denotes a great period of time�察 �a period
during which a physical universe is formed and destroyed。 Asankhyeya
denotes the highest sum for which a conventional term exists�察�according
to Chinese calculations equal to one followed by seventeen ciphers�察�
according to Thibetan and Singhalese�察 �equal to one followed by ninety´
seven ciphers。 Every Maha´kalpa consists of four Asankhyeya´ kalpas。
Eitel�察�p。 15。
��10�А�See chapter ix。
��11�А�See chapter xi。
��12�А�He had been born in the Sakya house�察�to do for the world what the
character of all his past births required�察�and he had done it。
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��13�А�They could no more see him�察�the World´honoured one。 Compare
the Sacred Books of the East�察�vol。 xi�察 �Buddhist Suttas�察 �pp。 89�察 �121�察 �and
note on p。 89。
��14�А�Sudana or Sudatta was the name of the Bodhisattva in the birth
which preceded his appearance as Sakyamuni or Gotama�察�when he became
the Supreme Buddha。 This period is known as the Vessantara Jataka�察 �of
which Hardy�察�M。 B。�察�pp。 116´124�察�gives a long account�察�see also ;Buddhist
Birth Stories�察─�the Nidana Katha�察�p。 158。 In it�察�as Sudana�察�he fulfilled ;the
Perfections�察─�his distinguishing attribute being entire self´renunciation and
alms´giving�察�so that in the Nidana Katha is made to say �─�Buddhist Birth
Stories�察─�p。 159���此�
;This earth�察�unconscious though she be�察�and ignorant of joy or grief�察�
Even she by my free´giving's mighty power was shaken seven times。;
Then�察 �when he passed away�察 �he appeared in the Tushita heaven�察 �to
enter in due time the womb of Maha´maya�察�and be born as Sakyamuni。
��15�А�I take the name Sama from Beal's revised version。 He says in a
note that the Sama Jataka�察�as well as the Vessantara�察�is represented in the
Sanchi sculptures。 But what the Sama Jataka was I do not yet know。 But
adopting this name�察 �the two Chinese characters in the text should be
translated ;the change into Sama。; Remusat gives for them�察 �la
transformation en eclair�察─�Beal�察�in his first version�察 �his appearance as a
bright flash of light�察─ �Giles�察 �as a flash of lightning。; Julien's Methode
does not give the phonetic value in Sanskrit of ��。��。
��16�А�In an analysis of the number of times and the different forms in
which Sakyamuni had appeared in his Jataka births�察�given by Hardy ��M。
B。�察�p。 100���察 �it is said that he had appeared six times as an elephant�察 �ten
times as a deer�察�and four times as a horse。
��17�А �Chaitya is a general term designating all places and objects of
religious worship which have a reference to ancient Buddhas�察 �and
including therefore Stupas and temples as well as sacred relics�察�pictures�察�
statues�察�&c。 It is defined as ;a fane�察─ �a place for worship and presenting
offerings。; Eitel�察�p。 141。 The hill referred to is the sacred hill of Mihintale�察�
about eight miles due east of the Bo tree�察 �Davids' Buddhism�察 �pp。 230�察�
231。
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��18�А �Eitel says ��p。 31���此 �A famous ascetic�察 �the founder of a school�察�
which flourished in Ceylon�察�A。D。 400。; But Fa´hien gives no intimation of
Dharma´gupta's founding a school。
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CHAPTER XXXIX
CREMATION OF AN ARHAT。 SERMON OF A DEVOTEE。
South of the city seven le there is a vihara�察 �called the Maha´vihara�察�
where 3000 monks reside。 There had been among them a Sramana�察�of such
lofty virtue�察 �and so holy and pure in his observance of the disciplinary
rules�察 �that the people all surmised that he was an Arhat。 When he drew
near his end�察 �the king came to examine into the point�察 �and having
assembled the monks according to rule�察 �asked whether the bhikshu had
attained to the full degree of Wisdom。��1�А�They answered in the affirmative�察�
saying that he was an Arhat。 The king accordingly�察�when he died�察�buried
him after the fashion of an Arhat�察�as the regular rules prescribed。 Four of
five le east from the vihara there was reared a great pile of firewood�察�
which might be more than thirty cubits square�察 �and the same in height。
Near the top were laid sandal�察�aloe�察�and other kinds of fragrant wood。
On the four sides ��of the pile�� they made steps by which to ascend it。
With clean white hair´cloth�察 �almost like silk�察 �they wrapped ��the body��
round and round。��2�А�They made a large carriage´frame�察 �in form like our
funeral car�察�but without the dragons and fishes。��3�А�
At the time of the cremation�察�the king and the people�察�in multitudes
from all quarters�察 �collected together�察 �and presented offerings of flowers
and incense。 While they were following the car to the burial´ ground�撮�4�А�
the king himself presented flowers and incense。 When this was finished�察�
the car was lifted on the pile�察�all over which oil of sweet basil was poured�察�
and then a light was applied。 While the fire was blazing�察�every one�察�with a
reverent heart�察�pulled off his upper garment�察�and threw it�察�with his feather´
fan and umbrella�察�from a distance into the midst of the flames�察�to assist the
burning。 When the cremation was over�察�they collected and preserved the
bones�察�and proceeded to erect a tope。 Fa´hien had not arrived in time ��to
see the distinguished Shaman�� alive�察�and only saw his burial。
At that time the king�撮�5�А �who was a sincere believer in the Law of
Buddha and wished to build a new vihara for the monks�察�first convoked a
great assembly。 After giving the monks a meal of rice�察�and presenting his
offerings ��on the occasion���察�he selected a pair of first´rate oxen�察�the horns
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