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a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村)-及8何蛍

弌傍�� a record of buddhistic kingdoms(倹脅芝村) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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for   four   days�察 �when    they   found   themselves     among    the  Ts'ung´ling 

mountains�察�and reached the country of Yu´hwuy�撮�5�А�where they halted and 

kept their retreat。��6�А�When this was over�察�they went on among the hills��7�А�

for   twenty´five   days�察  �and   got   to   K'eeh´   ch'a�撮�8�А  �there   rejoining   Hwuy´ 

king��9�А�and his two companions。 



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                                          NOTES 



     ��1�А  �This   Tartar   is   called   a   ��。��   ��。���察   �a   man   of   the   Tao�察─  �or   faith   of 

Buddha。 It occurs several times in the sequel�察�and denotes the man who is 

not a Buddhist outwardly only�察�but inwardly as well�察�whose faith is always 

making itself manifest in his ways。 The name may be used of followers of 

other systems of faith besides Buddhism。 

     ��2�А�See the account of the kingdom of Kophene�察�in the 96th Book of 

the first Han Records�察�p。 78�察�where its capital is said to be 12��200 le from 

Ch'ang´gan。 It was the whole or part of the present Cabulistan。 The name 

of Cophene is connected with the river Kophes�察�supposed to be the same 

as   the   present   Cabul   river�察  �which   falls   into   the   Indus�察  �from   the   west�察  �at 

Attock�察    �after   passing    Peshawar。      The   city   of   Cabul�察   �the   capital   of 

Afghanistan�察  �may   be   the   Kophene  of   the   text�察  �but   we  do   not   know   that 

Sang´shao and his guide got so far west。 The text only says that they set 

out from Khoten ;towards it。; 

     ��3�А  �Tsze´hoh     has  not   been   identified。   Beal   thinks   it  was   Yarkand�察�

which�察�however�察�was north´west from Khoten。 Watters �─�China Review�察─�p。 

135�� rather approves the suggestion of ;Tashkurgan in Sirikul; for it。 As it 

took Fa´hien twenty´five days to reach it�察�it must have been at least 150 

miles from Khoten。 

     ��4�А �The   king   is   described   here   by   a   Buddhistic   phrase�察  �denoting   the 

possession of viryabala�察 �the power of energy�察�persevering exertion one 

of the five moral powers; ��E。 H。�察�p。 170��。 

     ��5�А�Nor has Yu´hwuy been clearly identified。 Evidently it was directly 

south from Tsze´hoh�察�and among the ;Onion; mountains。 Watters hazards 

the conjecture that it was the Aktasch of our present maps。 

     ��6�А  �This   was    the  retreat   already   twice    mentioned     as  kept   by   the 

pilgrims in the summer�察�the different phraseology�察 �quiet rest�察─�without any 

mention   of the   season�察�indicating their   approach   to   India�察  �E。  H。�察 �p。   168。 

Two�察  �if   not   three�察  �years   had   elapsed   since   they   left   Ch'ang´gan。 Are   we 

now with them in 402�拭�

     ��7�А�This is the Corean reading ��。���察�much preferable to the ��。�� of the 

Chinese editions。 



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     ��8�А�Watters   approves   of   Klaproth's determination   of   K'eeh´ch'a   to   be 

Iskardu or Skardo。 There are difficulties in connexion with the view�察�but it 

has the advantage�察�to my mind very great�察�of bringing the pilgrims across 

the Indus。 The passage might be accomplished with ease at this point of 

the river's course�察�and therefore is not particularly mentioned。 

     ��9�А�Who had preceded them from Khoten。 



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                               CHAPTER V 



     GREAT   QUINQUENNIAL  ASSEMBLY   OF   MONKS。   RELICS   OF 

BUDDHA。 PRODUCTIONS OF THE COUNTRY。 

     It happened that the king of the country was then holding the pancha 

parishad�察  �that   is�察  �in   Chinese�察  �the   great   quinquennial   assembly。��1�А  �When 

this is to be held�察�the king requests the presence of the Sramans from all 

quarters ��of his kingdom��。 They come ��as if�� in clouds�察�and when they are 

all assembled�察�their place of session is grandly decorated。 Silken streamers 

and canopies are hung out in�察�and water´ lilies in gold and silver are made 

and fixed up behind the places where ��the chief of them�� are to sit。 When 

clean   mats   have   been   spread�察  �and   they   are   all   seated�察  �the   king   and   his 

ministers present their offerings according to rule and law。 ��The assembly 

takes place���察�in the first�察�second�察�or third month�察�for the most part in the 

spring。 

     After the king has held the assembly�察�he further exhorts the ministers 

to make other and special offerings。 The doing of this extends over one�察�

two�察�three�察�five�察�or even seven days�察�and when all is finished�察�he takes his 

own riding´horse�察�saddles�察�bridles�察�and waits on him himself�撮�2�А�while he 

makes the noblest and most important minister of the kingdom mount him。 

Then�察  �taking   fine   white   woollen   cloth�察  �all   sorts   of   precious   things�察  �and 

articles    which    the  Sramans     require�察  �he  distributes    them   among     them�察�

uttering vows at the same time along with all his ministers�察�and when this 

distribution has taken place�察�he again redeems ��whatever he wishes�� from 

the monks。��3�А�

     The   country�察  �being   among   the   hills   and   cold�察  �does   not   produce   the 

other cereals�察�and only the wheat gets ripe。 After the monks have received 

their annual ��portion of this���察�the mornings suddenly show the hoar´frost�察�

and   on   this   account   the king   always   begs the   monks to   make   the   wheat 

ripen��4�А�before they receive their portion。 There is in the country a spitoon 

which   belonged   to   Buddha�察  �made   of   stone�察  �and   in   colour   like   his   alms´ 

bowl。 There is also a tooth of Buddha�察�for which the people have reared a 

tope�察  �connected   with   which   there   are   more   than   a   thousand   monks   and 

their disciples�撮�5�А�all students of the hinayana。 To the east of these hills the 



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dress of   the  common   people is   of   coarse   materials�察 �as   in   our  country  of 

Ts'in�察  �but   here   also��6�А  �there   were   among   them   the   differences   of   fine 

woollen cloth and of serge or haircloth。 The rules observed by the Sramans 

are remarkable�察�and too numerous to be mentioned in detail。 The country 

is   in  the  midst    of  the   Onion    range。   As   you    go   forward    from    these 

mountains�察�the plants�察�trees�察�and fruits are all different from those of the 

land of Han�察�excepting only the bamboo�察�pomegranate�撮�7�А�and sugar´cane。 



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                                          NOTES 



     ��1�А  �See   Eitel�察  �p。   89。   He   describes   the   assembly   as   ;an   ecclesiastical 

conference�察  �first   instituted   by   king Asoka   for   general   confession   of   sins 

and inculcation of morality。; 

     ��2�А   �The    text  of   this  sentence     is  perplexing�察     �and   all  translators�察�

including myself�察�have been puzzled by it。 

     ��3�А�See what we are told of king Asoka's grant of all the Jambudvipa to 

the   monks   in   chapter   xxvii。  There   are   several   other   instances   of   similar 

gifts in the Mahavansa。 

     ��4�А�Watters calls attention to this as showing that the monks of K'eeh´ 

ch'a had the credit of possessing weather´controlling powers。 

     ��5�А   �The   text   here   has    ��。��  ��。���察  �not   ��。��  alone。    I  often   found     in 

monasteries boys and lads who looked up to certain of the monks as their 

preceptors。 

     ��6�А  �Compare   what   is   said   in   chapter   ii   of   the   dress   of   the   people   of 

Shen´shen。 

     ��7�А  �Giles   thinks   the   fruit   here   was   the   guava�察  �because   the   ordinary 

name for ;pomegranate; is preceded by gan ��。���察�but the pomegranate was 

called   at   first   Gan   Shih´lau�察  �as   having   been   introduced   into   China   from 

Gan´seih by Chang´k'een�察�who is referred to in chapter vii。 



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                              CHAPTER VI 



     ON      TOWARDS           NORTH         INDIA。      DARADA。          IMAGE         OF 

MAITREYA BODHISATTVA。 

     From   this   ��the   travellers��   went   westwards   towards   North   India�察  �and 

after being on the way for a month�察�they succeeded in getting across and 

through the range of the Onion mountains。 The snow rests on them both 

winter and summer。 There are also among them venomous dragons�察�which�察�

when provoked�察 �spit   forth   poisonous   winds�察  �and   cause  showers   of   snow 

and   storms   of   sand   and   gravel。   Not   one   in   ten   thousand   of   those   who 

encounter these dangers escapes with his life。 The people of the country 

call the range by the name of ;The Snow mountains。; When ��the travellers�� 

had   got   through   them�察  �they   were   in   North   India�察  �and   immediately   on 

entering   its   borders�察  �found   themselves   in   a   small   kingdom   called   T'o´ 

leih�撮�1�А�where also there were many monks�察�all students of the hinayana。 

     In   this   kingdom     there    was   formerly     an   Arhan�撮�2�А    �who    by   his 

supernatural power��3�А�took a clever artificer up to the Tushita heaven�察�to 

see   the   height�察  �complexion�察  �and   appearance   of   Maitreya   Bodhisattva�撮�4�А�

and then return and make an image of him in wood。 First and last�察�this was 

done   three   times�察  �and   then   the   image   was   completed�察  �eighty   cubits   in 

height�察�and eight cubits at the base from knee to knee of the crossed legs。 

On   fast´days   it   emits   an   effulgent   light

卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��

低辛嬬浪散議