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which   is   not   desirable   that   the   general   public   should   approach   without 

circumspection。 

     At this period�察�square houses were still everywhere permitted�察�though 

discouraged   by   a   special   tax。   But�察  �about   three   centuries   afterwards�察  �the 



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                                             Flatland 



Law decided that in all towns containing a population above ten thousand�察�

the   angle    of  a  Pentagon     was    the  smallest    house´angle      that  could   be 

allowed      consistently    with    the  public    safety。   The   good     sense   of   the 

community has seconded the efforts of the Legislature�察�and now�察�even in 

the country�察�the pentagonal construction has superseded every other。 It is 

only now and then in some very remote and backward agricultural district 

that an antiquarian may still discover a square house。 



           SECTION 3                Concerning the Inhabitants of 



                                       Flatland 



       The greatest length or breadth of a full grown inhabitant of Flatland 

may be estimated at about eleven of your inches。 Twelve inches may be 

regarded as a maximum。 

     Our Women are Straight Lines。 

     Our   Soldiers   and   Lowest   Class   of   Workmen   are   Triangles   with   two 

equal   sides�察  �each   about   eleven   inches   long�察  �and   a   base   or   third   side   so 

short ��often not exceeding half an inch�� that they form at their vertices a 

very sharp and formidable angle。 Indeed when their bases are of the most 

degraded type ��not more than the eighth part of an inch in size���察�they can 

hardly     be  distinguished     from    Straight    lines  or  Women�察      �so  extremely 

pointed     are  their   vertices。   With    us�察 �as  with   you�察  �these   Triangles    are 

distinguished   from   others   by   being   called   Isosceles�察  �and   by   this   name   I 

shall refer to them in the following pages。 

     Our Middle Class consists of Equilateral or Equal´Sided Triangles。 

     Our   Professional   Men   and   Gentlemen   are   Squares   ��to   which   class   I 

myself belong�� and Five´Sided Figures or Pentagons。 

     Next above these come the Nobility�察�of whom there are several degrees�察�

beginning   at   Six´Sided   Figures�察  �or   Hexagons�察  �and   from   thence   rising   in 

the number of their sides till they receive the honourable title of Polygonal�察�

or    many´Sided。      Finally    when    the   number      of  the   sides   becomes      so 

numerous�察  �and   the   sides   themselves   so   small�察  �that   the   figure   cannot   be 



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                                               Flatland 



distinguished from a circle�察�he is included in the Circular or Priestly order�察�

and this is the highest class of all。 

     It is a  Law of   Nature with us   that a  male child shall   have one  more 

side than his father�察�so that each generation shall rise ��as a rule�� one step in 

the   scale   of   development   and   nobility。   Thus   the   son   of   a   Square   is   a 

Pentagon�察�the son of a Pentagon�察�a Hexagon�察�and so on。 

     But this rule applies not always to the Tradesman�察�and still less often 

to   the   Soldiers�察  �and   to   the   Workmen�察  �who   indeed   can   hardly   be   said   to 

deserve   the   name   of   human   Figures�察  �since   they   have   not   all   their   sides 

equal。 With them therefore the Law of Nature does not hold�察�and the son 

of an Isosceles ��i。e。 a Triangle with two sides equal�� remains Isosceles still。 

Nevertheless�察  �all   hope   is   not   such   out�察  �even   from   the   Isosceles�察  �that   his 

posterity   may   ultimately   rise   above   his   degraded   condition。   For�察  �after   a 

long   series   of   military   successes�察  �or   diligent   and   skillful   labours�察  �it   is 

generally  found   that   the   more   intelligent   among   the Artisan   and   Soldier 

classes     manifest     a  slight    increase    of   their   third   side   or  base�察   �and   a 

shrinkage of the two other sides。 Intermarriages ��arranged by the Priests�� 

between the sons and daughters of these more intellectual members of the 

lower classes generally result in an offspring approximating still more to 

the type of the Equal´Sided Triangle。 

     Rarelyin   proportion   to   the   vast   numbers   of   Isosceles   births   is   a 

genuine      and    certifiable    Equal´Sided      Triangle     produced      from    Isosceles 

parents ��footnote 1��。 Such a birth requires�察�as its antecedents�察�not only a 

series    of   carefully    arranged     intermarriages�察      �but   also   a  long´continued 

exercise of frugality and self´control on the part of the would´be ancestors 

of    the   coming     Equilateral�察    �and    a  patient�察   �systematic�察    �and    continuous 

development of the Isosceles intellect through many generations。 

     The birth of a True Equilateral Triangle from Isosceles parents is the 

subject of rejoicing in our country for many furlongs round。 After a strict 

examination   conducted   by   the   Sanitary   and   Social   Board�察  �the   infant�察  �if 

certified as Regular�察�is with solemn ceremonial admitted into the class of 

Equilaterals。 He is then immediately taken from his proud yet sorrowing 

parents and adopted by some childless Equilateral�察�who is bound by oath 



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                                               Flatland 



never to permit the child henceforth to enter his former home or so much 

as   to   look   upon   his   relations   again�察  �for   fear   lest   the   freshly   developed 

organism may�察�by force of unconscious imitation�察�fall back again into his 

hereditary level。 

     The occasional emergence of an Equilateral from the ranks of his serf´ 

born ancestors is welcomed�察�not only by the poor serfs themselves�察�as a 

gleam      of  light   and   hope    shed    upon    the   monotonous       squalor     of  their 

existence�察�but also by the Aristocracy at large�察�for all the higher classes are 

well aware that these rare phenomena�察  �while they do   little or nothing to 

vulgarize      their  own     privileges�察   �serve    as  almost     useful   barrier    against 

revolution from below。 

     Had   the   acute´angled   rabble   been   all�察  �without   exception�察  �absolutely 

destitute of hope and of ambition�察�they might have found leaders in some 

of   their   many   seditious      outbreaks�察    �so  able   as   to  render    their  superior 

numbers and strength too much even for the wisdom of the Circles。 But a 

wise ordinance of Nature has decreed that in proportion as the working´ 

classes   increase   in   intelligence�察  �knowledge�察  �and   all   virtue�察  �in   that   same 

proportion their acute angle ��which makes them physically terrible�� shall 

increase also and approximate to their comparatively harmless angle of the 

Equilateral      Triangle。    Thus�察   �in  the   most    brutal   and    formidable     off   the 

soldier   class   creatures   almost   on   a   level   with   women   in   their   lack   of 

intelligence it is found that�察�as they wax in the mental ability necessary 

to   employ   their   tremendous   penetrating   power   to   advantage�察  �so   do   they 

wane in the power of penetration itself。 

     How admirable is the Law of Compensation� �And how perfect a proof 

of   the   natural   fitness   and�察  �I  may   almost   say�察  �the   divine   origin   of   the 

aristocratic constitution of the States of Flatland� �By a judicious use of this 

Law of Nature�察�the Polygons and Circles are almost always able to stifle 

sedition     in   its  very   cradle�察  �taking    advantage      of   the   irrepressible    and 

boundless hopefulness   of   the   human   mind。 Art   also   comes   to   the   aid   of 

Law      and    Order。    It  is  generally     found     possibleby     a   little  artificial 

compression   or   expansion   on   the   part   of   the   State   physiciansto   make 

some of the more intelligent leaders of a rebellion perfectly Regular�察�and 



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                                             Flatland 



to admit them at once into the privileged classes�察�a much larger number�察�

who     are   still  below    the   standard�察   �allured   by   the   prospect    of   being 

ultimately ennobled�察�are induced to enter the State Hospitals�察�where they 

are kept in honourable confinement for life�察�one or two alone of the most 

obstinate�察�foolish�察�and hopelessly irregular are led to execution。 

     Then the wretched rabble of the Isosceles�察�planless and leaderless�察�are 

ether   transfixed   without   resistance   by   the   small   body   of   their   brethren 

whom the Chief Circle keeps in pay for emergencies of this kind�察�or else 

more   often�察  �by   means   of   jealousies   and   suspicious   skillfully   fomented 

among them by the Circular party�察�they are stirred to mutual warfare�察�and 

perish   by   one   another's   angles。   No     less   than   one   hundred   and   twenty 

rebellions are recorded in our annals�察�besides minor outbreaks numbered 

at two hundred and thirty´five�察�and they have all ended thus。 



     Footnote 1。 ;What need of a certificate�拭─�a Spaceland critic may ask�此�

;Is not the procreation of a Square Son a certificate from Nature herself�察�

proving the  Equal´sidedness of  the Father�拭─  �I reply  that no   Lady of   any 

position will mary an uncertified Triangle。 Square offspring has sometimes 

resulted from a slightly Irregular Triangle�察�but in almost every such case 

the Irregularity of the first generation is visited on the third�察�which either 

fails to attain the Pentagonal rank�察�or relapses to the Triangular。 



 

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