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the mastery of the air(荷忿腎賑)-及22何蛍

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and   as   one   or   these   ultimately   withdrew   from   the   contest   the   Sopwith 

Aviation      Company       of  Kingston´on´Thames           and    Brooklands      entered    a 

machine。 

     Mr。   T。   Sopwith   chose   for   his   pilot   a   young   Australian   airman�察  �Mr。 

Harry   Hawker。   This   skilful   airman   came   with   three   other Australians   to 

this    country    to   seek    his  fortune     about    three   years    before。    He    was 

passionately devoted to mechanics�察�and�察�though he had had no opportunity 

of   flying   in   his   native   country�察  �he   had   been   intensely   interested   in   the 

progress of aviation in France and Britain�察�and the four friends set out on 

their long journey to seek work in aeroplane factories。 

     All four succeeded�察�but by far the most successful was Harry Hawker。 

Early  in   1913   Mr。   Sopwith   was   looking   out   for   a  pilot�察 �and   he   engaged 

Hawker�察�whom he had seen during some good flying at Brooklands。 

     In   a   month   or   two   he   was   engaged   in   record   breaking�察  �and   in   June�察�

1913�察�he tried to set up a new British height record。 In his first attempt he 

rose to 11��300 feet�察�but as the carburettor of the engine froze�察�and as the 

pilot   himself   was   in   grave   danger   of   frost´bite�察  �he   descended。   About   a 

fortnight later he rose 12��300 feet above sea´level�察�and shortly afterwards 



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he    performed       an   even    more     difficult   test�察 �by    climbing     with    three 

passengers to an altitude of 8500 feet。 

     With such achievements to his name it was not in the least surprising 

that   Mr。   Sopwith's   choice   of   a   pilot   for   the   water´plane   race   rested   on 

Hawker。 His first attempt was made on 16th August�察�when he flew from 

Southampton   Water   to Yarmoutha   distance   of   about   240   milesin   240 

minutes。 The   writer�察�who   was spending   a holiday  at Lowestoft�察 �watched 

Mr。  Hawker go by�察 �and   his   machine   was   plainly  visible to   an   enormous 

crowd which had lined the beach。 

     To   everyone's   regret   the   pilot   was   affected   with   a   slight   sunstroke 

when   he   reached   Yarmouth�察  �and   another   Australian   airman�察  �Mr。   Sidney 

Pickles�察�was summoned to take his place。 This was quite within the rules 

of   the   contest�察  �the   object   of   which   was   to   test   the   merits   of   a   British 

machine and engine rather than the endurance and skill of a particular pilot。 

During the night a strong wind arose�察�and next morning�察�when Mr。 Pickles 

attempted to resume the flight�察�the sea was too rough for a start to be made�察�

and the water´plane was beached at Gorleston。 

     Mr。 Hawker quickly recovered from his indisposition�察�and on Monday�察�

25th   August�察  �he�察  �with   a   mechanic   as   passenger�察  �left   Cowes   about   five 

o'clock in the morning in his second attempt to make a circuit of Britain。 

The first control was at Ramsgate�察�and here he had to descend in order to 

fulfil the conditions of the contest。 

     Ramsgate was left at 9。8�察�and Yarmouth�察�the next control�察�was reached 

at   10。38。   So   far   the   engine�察  �built   by   Mr。   Green�察  �had   worked   perfectly。 

About an hour was spent at Yarmouth�察�and then the machine was en route 

to Scarborough。 Haze compelled the pilot to keep close in to the coast�察�so 

that he should not miss the way�察�and a choppy breeze some what retarded 

the   progress   of   the   machine   along   the   east   coast。   About   2。40   the   pilot 

brought his machine to earth�察�or rather to water�察�at Scarborough�察�where he 

stayed for nearly two hours。 

     Mr。   Hawker's   intention   was   to   reach   Aberdeen�察  �if   possible�察        �before 

nightfall�察 �but   at   Seaham  he   had to descend   for   water�察 �as   the   engine   was 

becoming uncomfortably hot�察�and the radiator supply of water was rapidly 

diminishing。 This lost much valuable time�察�as over an hour was spent here�察�



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and   it   had   begun   to   grow   dark   before   the   journey   was   recommenced。 

About an hour after resuming his journey he decided to plane down at the 

fishing village of Beadwell�察�some 20 miles south of Berwick。 

     At 8。5 on Tuesday morning the pilot was on his way to Aberdeen�察�but 

he   had    to  descend    and   stay   at   Montrose    for  about    half  an   hour�察 �and 

Aberdeen was reached about 11 a。m。 His Scottish admirers�察�consisting of 

quite 40��000 people at Aberdeen alone�察�gave him a most hearty welcome�察�

and sped him on his way about noon。 Some two hours later Cromarty was 

reached。 

     Now commenced the most difficult part of the course。 The Caledonian 

Canal runs among lofty mountains�察�and the numerous air´eddies and swift 

air´streams   rushing   through   the   mountain   passes   tossed   the   frail   craft   to 

and fro�察�and at times threatened to wreck it altogether。 On some occasions 

the aeroplane was tossed up over 1000 feet at one blow�察�at other times it 

was driven sideways almost on to the hills。 From Cromarty to Oban the 

journey   was   only   about   96   miles�察  �but   it   took   nearly   three   hours   to   fly 

between these places。 This slow progress seriously jeopardized the pilot's 

chances      of  completing     the   course   in  the   allotted   time�察 �for   it  was  his 

intention to make the coast of Ireland by nightfall。 But as it was late when 

Oban was reached he decided to spend the night there。 

     Early the following morning he left for Dublin�察�222 miles away。 Soon 

a float was found to be waterlogged and much valuable time was�察�spent in 

bailing   it   dry。   Then   a   descent   had   to   be   made   at   Kiells�察  �in Argyllshire�察�

because a valve had gone wrong。 Another landing was made at Larne�察�to 

take aboard petrol。 As soon as the petrol tanks were filled and the machine 

had been overhauled the pilot got on his way for Dublin。 

     For   over   two   hours   he   flew   steadily   down   the   Irish   coast�察  �and   then 

occurred   one of   those slight   accidents�察 �quite   insignificant in   themselves�察�

but   terribly   disastrous   in   their   results。   Mr。   Hawker's   boots   were   rubber 

soled and his foot slipped off the rudder bar�察�so that the machine got out of 

control   and   fell   into   the   sea   at   Lough   Shinny�察  �about   15   miles   north   of 

Dublin。 At the time of the accident the pilot was about 50 feet above the 

water�察�which in this part of the Lough is very shallow。 The machine was 

completely wrecked�察�and Mr。 Hawker's mechanic was badly cut about the 



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head    and   neck�察   �besides   having    his  arm    broken。    Mr。   Hawker     himself 

escaped injury。 

     All   Britons    deeply     sympathized      with   his   misfortune�察    �and   much 

enthusiasm�察�was aroused when the proprietors of the Daily Mail presented 

the skilful and courageous pilot with a cheque for L1000 as a consolation 

gift。 

     In   a  later  chapter   some    account    will   be  given   of   the  tremendous 

development of the aeroplane during four years of war。 But it is fitting that 

to   the  three   historic  flights   detailed   above    there  should    be  added    the 

sensational exploits of the Marchese Giulio Laureati in 1917。 This intrepid 

Italian airman made a non´stop journey from Turin to Naples and back�察�a 

distance of 920 miles。 A month later he flew from Turin to Hounslow�察�a 

distance of 656 miles�察�in 7 hours 22 minutes。 His machine was presented 

to the British Air Board by the Italian Government。 



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      CHAPTER XXXIV The Hydroplane and Air´boat 



     One of the most recent developments in aviation is the hydroplane�察�or 

water´plane as it is most commonly called。 A hydroplane is an aeroplane 

fitted with floats instead of wheels�察�so that it will rise from�察�or alight upon�察�

the surface of the water。 Often water´planes have their floats removed and 

wheels affixed to the chassis�察�so that they may be used over land。 

     From this you may think that the construction of a water´plane is quite 

a simple task�察�but such is not the case。 The fitting of floats to an aeroplane 

has    called   for  great   skill  on   the   part  of  the   constructor�察   �and   many 

difficulties have had to be overcome。 

     Those of you who have seen an acroplane rise from the ground know 

that the machine runs very quickly over the earth at a rapidly´ increasing 

speed�察�until sufficient momentum is obtained for the machine to lift itself 

into the air。 In the case of the water´plane the pilot has to glide or ;taxi; by 

means of a float or floats over the waves until the machine acquires flying 

speed。 

     Now the land resistance to the rubber´tired wheels is very small when 

compared with the water   resistance to the floats�察  �and the faster the   craft 

goes the greater is the resistance。 The great problem which the constructor 

has had to solve is to build a machine fitted with floats which will leave 

the   water   easily�察 �which   will preserve   the   lateral balance   of the   machine�察�

and which will offer the minimum resistance in the air。 

     A short flat´bottomed float�察�such as that known as the Fabre�察�is good at 

getting off from smooth water�察�but is frequently damaged when the sea is 

rough。 A long and narrow float is preferable for rough water�察�as it is able to 


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