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the mastery of the air(荷忿腎賑)-及23何蛍

弌傍�� the mastery of the air(荷忿腎賑) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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rough。 A long and narrow float is preferable for rough water�察�as it is able to 

cut through the waves�察�but comparatively little ;lift; is obtained from it。 

     Some     designers    have    provided    their  water´planes     with   two   floats�察�

others advocate a single loat。 The former makes the machine more stable 

when     at  rest  on   the  water�察  �but  a  great   rawback     is  that  the  two´float 

machine   is   affected   by   waves   more   than   a   machine   fitted   with   a   single 

float�察�for one float may be on the crest of a wave and the other in the dip。 

This is not the case with the single´float water´plane�察�but on the other hand 

this type is less stable than the other when at rest。 



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     Sometimes the floats become waterlogged�察�and so add considerably to 

the weight of the machine。 Thus in Mr。 Hawker's flight round Britain�察�the 

pilot and his passenger had to pump about ten gallons of water out of one 

of   the   floats   before   the   machine   could   rise   properly。   Floats   are   usually 

made   with   watertight   compartments�察  �and   are   composed   of   several   thin 

layers of wood�察�riveted to a wooden framework。 

     There  is   another   technical question   to   be  considered   in   the  fixing   of 

the floats�察�namely�察�the fore´and´aft balance of the machine in the air。 The 

propeller of a water´plane has to be set higher than that of a land aeroplane�察�

so that it may not come into contact with the waves。 This tends to tip the 

craft   forwards�察  �and   thus   make   the   nose   of   the   float   dig   in   the   water。 To 

overcome   this   the   float   is   set   well   forward   of   the   centre   of   gravity�察  �and 

though this counteracts the thrust when the craft ;taxies; along the waves�察�

it endangers its fore´and´aft stability when aloft。 



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       CHAPTER XXXV A Famous British Inventor of 



                                the Water´plane 



     Though Harry Hawker made such a brilliant and gallant attempt to win 

the L5000 prize�察�we must not forget that great credit is due to Mr。 Sopwith�察�

who   designed      the  water´plane�察  �and     to  Mr。  Green�察  �the   inventor    of  the 

engine which made such a flight possible�察�and enabled the pilot to achieve 

a feat never before approached in any part of the world。 

     The life´story of Mr。 ;Tommy; Sopwith is almost a romance。 As a lad 

he    was   intensely    interested    in  mechanics�察    �and   we    can   imagine    him 

constructing      all  manner     of  models�察    �and   enquiring    the   why    and   the 

wherefore of every mechanical toy with which he came into contact。 

     At the early age of twenty´one he commenced a motor business�察�but 

about     this  time   engineers     and   mechanics     all  over   the   country    were 

becoming   greatly  interested   in   the practical   possibilities   of   aviation。   Mr。 

Sopwith decided to learn to fly�察�and in 1910�察�after continued practice in a 

Howard Wright biplane�察�he had become a proficient pilot。 So rapid was his 

progress that by the end of the year he had won the magnificent prize of 

L4000 generously offered by Baron de Forest for the longest flight made 

by an all´British machine from England to the Continent。 In this flight he 

covered     177   miles�察  �from    Eastchurch�察    �Isle  of  Sheppey�察   �to  the  Belgian 

frontier�察�in three and a half hours。 

     If Mr。 Sopwith had been in any doubt as to the wisdom of changing his 

business   this   remarkable   achievement   alone   must   have   assured   him   that 

his   future   career   lay  in   aviation。   In   1911   he   was   graciously  received   by 

King   George   V   at   Windsor   Castle�察  �after   having   flown   from   Brooklands 

and alighted on the East Terrace of the famous castle。 

     In   the   same   year   he   visited   America�察  �and   astonished   even   that   go´ 

ahead     country    with   some    skilful   flying   feats。  To   show    the  practical 

possibilities of the aeroplane he overtook the liner Olympic�察�after she had 

left   New York harbour   on her   homeward   voyage�察  �and dropped   aboard   a 

parcel addressed to a passenger。 On his return to England he competed in 

the first Aerial Derby�察�the course being a circuit of London�察�representing a 



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distance   of   81   miles。   In   this   race   he   made   a   magnificent   flight   in   a   70´ 

horse´power Bleriot monoplane�察�and came in some fifteen minutes before 

Mr。   Hamel�察  �the   second   pilot   home。   So   popular   was   his   victory   that   Mr。 

Grahame´White          and   several   other   officials   of  the  London      Aerodrome 

carried him shoulder high from his machine。 

     From this time we hear little of Mr。 Sopwith as a pilot�察�for�察�like other 

famous      airmen�察    �such    as  Louis    Bleriot�察   �Henri    Farman�察    �and    Claude 

Grahame´White�察�who jumped into fame by success in competition flying�察�

he    has   retired   with   his   laurels�察 �and    now    devotes    his   efforts   to  the 

construction      of  machines。     He    bids  fair  to  be   equally    successful    as  a 

constructor of air´craft as he formerly was as a pilot of flying machines。 

The   Sopwith   machines   are   noted   for   their   careful   design   and   excellent 

workmanship。   They   are   made   by   the   Sopwith   Aviation   Company�察  �Ltd。�察�

whose works are at Kingston´on´Thames。 Several water´planes have been 

built there for the Admiralty�察�and land machines for the War Office。 Late 

in 1913 Mr。 Hawker left Britain for Australia to give demonstrations in the 

Sopwith machine to the Government of his native country。 

     A fine list of records has for long stood to the credit of the Sopwith 

biplane。 Among these are�此�

     British Height Record ��Pilot only�� 。。。 。。。 11��450 feet ;             ;   ; ��Pilot and 

1 Passenger�� 12��900 ; ;          ;   ; ��Pilot and 2 Passengers�� 10��600 ; World's ; 

; ��Pilot and 3 Passengers�� 8��400 ; 

     Many of the Sopwith machines used in the European War were built 

specially to withstand rough climate and heavy winds�察�and thus they were 

able to work in almost every kind of weather。 It was this fact�察�coupled with 

the   indomitable   spirit   of   adventure   inherent   in   men   of   British   race�察  �that 

made British airmen more than hold their own with both friend and foe in 

the war。 



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            CHAPTER XXXVI Sea´planes for Warfare 



     ;Even   in   the   region   of   the   air�察  �into   which   with   characteristic   British 

prudence   we   have   moved   with   some   tardiness�察  �the   Navy   need   not   fear 

comparison   with   the   Navy   of   any   other   country。   The   British   sea´plane�察�

although still in an empirical stage�察�like everything else in this sphere of 

warlike operations�察�has reached a point of progress in advance of anything 

attained elsewhere。 

     ;Our     hearts    should     go   out    to´night    to   those   brilliant    officers�察�

Commander          Samson      and    his  band     of   brilliant   pioneers�察   �to   whose 

endeavours�察  �to   whose   enterprise�察  �to   whose   devotion   it   is   due   that   in   an 

incredibly short space of time our naval aeroplane service has been raised 

to that primacy from which it must never be cast down。 

     ;It is not only in naval hydroplanes that we must have superiority。 The 

enduring   safety  of   this   country  will   not   be   maintained   by  force   of   arms 

unless over the whole sphere of aerial development we are able to make 

ourselves   the   first   nation。   That   will   be   a   task   of   long   duration。   Many 

difficulties have to be overcome。 Other countries have started sooner。 The 

native genius of France�察�the indomitable perseverance of Germany�察�have 

produced results which we at the present time cannot equal。; 

     So   said   Mr。  Winston   Churchill   at   the   Lord   Mayor's   Banquet   held   in 

London in 1913�察�and I have quoted his speech because such a statement�察�

made at such a time�察�clearly shows the attitude of the British Government 

toward this new arm of Imperial Defence。 

     In   bygone   days   the   ocean   was   the   great   highway   which   united   the 

various quarters of the Empire�察�and�察�what was even more important from 

the    standpoint     of  our   country's    defence�察   �it  was    a  formidable     barrier 

between Britain and her Continental neighbours�察�

        ;Which serves it in the office of a wall            Or as a moat defensive to a 

house。; 

     But   the   ocean   is   no   longer   the   only   highway�察  �for   the   age   of   aerial 

navigation   has   arrived�察  �and�察  �as   one   writer   says�此   �Every   argument   which 

impelled us of old to fight for the dominion of the sea has apparently been 

found valid in relation to the supremacy of the air。; 



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     From   some   points   of   view   this   race   between   nations   for   naval   and 

aerial supremacy may be unfortunate�察�but so long as the fighting instinct 

of   man   continues   in   the   human   race�察  �so   long   as   rivalry   exists   between 

nations�察�so long must we continue to strengthen our aerial position。 

     Britain   is   slow   to   start   on   any   great 

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