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the mastery of the air(荷忿腎賑)-及24何蛍

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nations�察�so long must we continue to strengthen our aerial position。 

     Britain   is   slow   to   start   on   any   great   venture   where   great   change   is 

effected。   Our   practice   is   rather   to   wait   and   see   what   other   nations   are 

doing�察�and there is something to be said for this method of procedure。 

     In the art of aviation�察�and in the construction of air´craft�察�our French�察�

German�察�and American rivals were very efficient pacemakers in the aerial 

race for supremacy�察�and during the years 1909´12 we were in grave peril 

of    being    left  hopelessly      behind。    But    in  1913     we   realized    the   vital 

importance to the State of capturing the first place in aviation�察�particularly 

that of aerial supremacy at sea�察�for the Navy is our first line of defence。 So 

rapid has been our progress that we are quite the equal of our French and 

German rivals in the production of aeroplanes�察�and in sea´planes we  are 

far ahead of them�察�both in design and construction�察�and the war has proved 

that we are ahead in the art of flight。 

     The Naval Air Service before the war had been establishing a chain of 

air stations round the coast。 These stations are at Calshot�察�on Southampton 

Water�察  �the   Isle   of   Grain�察  �off   Sheerness�察  �Leven�察  �on   the   Firth   of   Forth�察�

Cromarty�察�Yarmouth�察�Blythe�察�and Cleethorpes。 

     But   what   is   even   more   important   is   the   fact   that   the   Government   is 

encouraging sea´plane constructors to go ahead as fast as they can in the 

production   of   efficient   machines。   Messrs。   Short   Brothers�察  �the   Sopwith 

Aviation Company�察�and Messrs。 Roe are building high´class machines for 

sea   work   which   can   beat   anything   turned   out   abroad。   Our   newest   naval 

water´planes are fitted with British´built wireless apparatus of great range 

of action�察�and Messrs。 Short Brothers are at the present time constructing 

for the Admiralty�察�at their works in the Isle of Sheppey�察�a fleet of fighting 

water´planes capable of engaging and destroying the biggest dirigible air´ 

ships。 

     In    1913     aeroplanes      took    a   very    prominent      part   in   our    naval 

manoeuvres�察�and the   cry  of   the battleship captains   was�此   �Give us   water´ 

planes。 Give us them of great size and power�察�large enough to carry a gun 



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and gun crew�察�and capable of taking twelve´hour cruises at a speed much 

greater  than   that   of   the   fastest   dirigible   air´ship�察  �and   we   shall   be   on   the 

highroad to aerial supremacy at sea。; 

     The Admiralty�察�acting on this advice�察�at once began to co´operate with 

the leading firms of aeroplane constructors�察�and at a great rate machines of 

all sizes and designs have been turned out。 There were light single´seater 

water´planes able to maintain a speed of over a mile a minute�察�there were 

also    larger   machines     for   long´distance      flying   which    could    carry   two 

passengers。   The   machines   were   so   designed   that   their   wings   could   be 

folded back along their bodies�察�and their wires�察�struts�察�and so on packed 

into the main parts of the craft�察�so that they were almost as compact as the 

body of a bird at rest on its perch�察�and they took up comparatively little 

space on board ship。 

     A brilliantly executed raid was carried out on Cuxhaven�察�an important 

German   naval   base�察  �by   seven   British   water´planes�察  �on   Christmas   Day�察�

1914。   The   water´planes   were   escorted   across   the   North   Sea   by   a   light 

cruiser and destroyer force�察�together with submarines。 They left the war´ 

ships in the vicinity of Heligoland and flew over Cuxhaven�察�discharging 

bombs       on    points    of   military     significance�察    �and     apparently     doing 

considerable       damage      to  the   docks     and   shipping。     The    British   ships 

remained   off   the   coast   for   three   hours   in   order   to   pick   up   the   returning 

airmen�察     �and   during    this   time   they    were    attacked    by   dirigibles    and 

submarines�察  �without�察  �however�察  �suffering   damage。   Six   of   the   sea´planes 

returned safely to the ships�察�but one was wrecked in Heligoland Bight。 

     But the present efficient sea´plane is a development of the war。 In the 

early days many of the raids of the ;naval wing; were carried out in land´ 

going aeroplanes。 Now the R。N。A。S。�察�which came into being as a separate 

service in July�察�1914�察�possess two main types of flying machine�察�the flying 

boat and the twin float�察�both types being able to rise from and alight upon 

the   sea�察  �just   as   an  aeroplane   can   leave   and   return   to   the   land。   Many 

brilliant raids stand   to the   credit of the   R。N。A。S。 The   docks at Antwerp�察�

submarine       bases   at  Ostend�察    �and   all  Germany's      fortified   posts   on   the 

Belgian   coast�察  �have   seldom   been   free   from   their   attentions。   And   when�察�

under the stress of public outcry�察�the Government at last gave its consent 



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to    a  measure      of   ;reprisals;    it  was    the   R。N。A。S。      which     opened      the 

campaign with a raid upon the German town of Mannheim。 

     As the war continued the duties of the naval pilot increased。 He played 

a   great   part   in   the   ceaseless   hunt   for   submarines。   You   must   often   have 

noticed how easily fish can be seen from a bridge which are quite invisible 

from     the   banks    of   the  river。   On    this  principle    the   submarine       can   be 

;spotted; by air´craft�察�and not until the long silence upon naval affairs is 

broken�察  �at   the   end   of   the   war�察  �shall   we   know   to   what   extent   we   are 

indebted   to   naval   airmen   for   that   long   list   of   submarines   which�察  �in   the 

words of the German reports�察 �failed to return; to their bases。 

     In   addition   to   the   ;Blimps;   of   which   mention   has   been   made�察  �the 

Royal   Naval Air   Service   are   in   charge   of   air´ships   known   as   the   Coast 

Patrol type�察�which work farther out to sea�察�locating minefields and acting 

as   scouts   for   the   great   fleet   of   patrol   vessels。   The   Service   has   gathered 

laurels in   all parts of   the globe�察�its   achievements   ranging   from  an   aerial 

food service into beleaguered Kut to the discovery of the German cruiser 

Konigsberg�察�cunningly camouflaged up an African creek。 



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           CHAPTER XXXVII The First Man to Fly in 



                                        Britain 



     The honour of being the first man to fly in this country is claimed by 

Mr。    A。   V。  Roe�察   �head   of   the  well´known       firm   A。  V。   Roe   &   Co。�察  �of 

Manchester�察�and constructor of the highly´efficient Avro machines。 

     As a youth Roe's great hobby was the construction of toy  models of 

various forms of machinery�察�and later on he achieved considerable success 

in the production of aeroplane models。 All manner of novelties were the 

outcome      of   his  fertile  brain�察  �and   as  it  has  been    truly  remarked�察     �his 

novelties   have   the   peculiarity�察  �not   granted   to   most   pioneers�察  �of   being   in 

one    respect    or  another    ahead    of  his  contemporaries。;       In  addition�察   �he 

studied the flight of birds。 

     In the early days of aviation Mr。 Roe was a firm believer in the triplane 

form   of   machine�察  �and   his   first   experiments   in   flight   were   made   with   a 

triplane equipped with an engine which developed only 9 horse´power。 

     Later on�察�he turned his attention to the biplane�察�and with this craft he 

has been highly successful。 The Avro biplane�察�produced in 1913�察�was one 

of the very best machines which appeared in that eventful year。 The Daily 

Telegraph�察     �when     relating    its  performances�察     �said�此   �The    spectators     at 

Hendon were given a remarkable demonstration of the wonderful qualities 

of this fine Avro biplane�察�whose splendid performances stamped it as one 

of the finest aeroplanes ever designed�察�if not indeed the finest of all;。 

     This   craft   is  fitted   with  an  80´horse´power   Gnome          engine�察   �and   is 

probably the fastest passenger´carrying biplane of its type in the world。 Its 

total   weight�察  �with   engine�察  �fuel   for   three  hours�察  �and   a  passenger�察  �is   1550 

pounds�察�and it has a main´plane surface of 342 square feet。 

     Not   only   can   the   biplane   maintain   such   great   speed�察  �but�察  �what   is   of 

great importance for observation purposes�察�it can fly at the slow rate of 30 

miles per hour。 We have previously remarked that a machine is kept up in 

the air by the speed it attains�察�if its normal flying speed be much reduced 

the   machine   drops   to   earth   unless   the   rate   of   flying   is   accelerated   by 

diving�察�or other means。 



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    What Harry Hawker is to Mr。 Sopwith so is F。 P。 Raynham to Mr。 Roe。 

This skilful pilot learned to fly at Brooklands�察�and during the last year or 

two    he   has   been  continuously   engaged   in   testing   Avro   machines�察  �and 

passing them through the Army reception trials。 In the ;Aerial Derby; of 

1913 Mr。 Raynham piloted an 80´horse´power Avro biplane�察�and came in 

fourth。 



                                        

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